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The Age of Religious Wars
Chapter 12: Age of Religious Wars AP European History The Age of Religious Wars The Western Heritage Chapter 12
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Chapter 12: Age of Religious Wars
AP European History
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Peter Paul Rubens Ignatius of Loyola
Chapter 12: Age of Religious Wars AP European History
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Chapter 12: Age of Religious Wars
AP European History
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Chapter 12: Age of Religious Wars
AP European History Politiques intellectuals in 1500’s criticized religious strife between Catholics & Protestants Politiques—rulers urging tolerance & moderation—willing to subordinate theological doctrine to political unity Elizabeth I—most successful politique The religious conflict became international with the Thirty Years War which began in 1618, and ended in 1648, and eventually involved every major European nation directly or indirectly.
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Chapter 12: Age of Religious Wars
AP European History Civil War in France French Protestants=Huguenots 1540 – Edict of Fontainebleau makes Protestants subject to Inquisition 1551 – Edict of Chateaubriand establishes more measures against Protestants 3 noble families—Bourbon, Chatillon, (Calvinists) and Guise (Catholic)—sought power
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Chapter 12: Age of Religious Wars
AP European History Appeal of Calvinism Only 1/15 of population, but 2/5 of nobility Calvinism gave justification to political resistance
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Chapter 12: Age of Religious Wars
AP European History Catherine de Medici First concern: preserve the monarchy 3 weak sons crowned successively—often controlled by noble families Protestant massacres at Vassy sparks French wars of religion .
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Chapter 12: Age of Religious Wars
AP European History
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Peace of Saint-Germain-en-Laye
Chapter 12: Age of Religious Wars AP European History Peace of Saint-Germain-en-Laye Third war of religion ended with Huguenot victory Treaty acknowledges Protestant nobility, grants Huguenots religious freedom— rights to fortify their cities Catherine once supported Protestants, turns to Guises fearing Protestant leader Coligny would draw France into war with Spain that could not be handled by her son
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Saint Bartholomew’s Day Massacre
Chapter 12: Age of Religious Wars AP European History Saint Bartholomew’s Day Massacre Catherine instigates and supports massacre Result— August 24, 1572 – Coligny and 3,000 Huguenots massacred in Paris / within 3 days 20,000 more Protestants killed Protestant cause becomes sheer survival Protestant writers call for active defense of religious rights
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Chapter 12: Age of Religious Wars
AP European History
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Chapter 12: Age of Religious Wars
AP European History Henry IV of France Ended Spanish interference in France Huguenot—converted to Catholicism to end religious wars “Paris is worth a mass.” Politique-interest of the state comes before religious consideration
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Chapter 12: Age of Religious Wars
AP European History Edict of Nantes Edict of Nantes in 1598: Granted Huguenots right to worship publicly, attend universities, hold public offices, maintain fortified cities Did not grant religious freedom for all Ends French religious wars Henry IV assassinated— 1610
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Chapter 12: Age of Religious Wars
AP European History Triumphal Entry of Henry IV Into Paris – Peter Paul Reubens
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Chapter 12: Age of Religious Wars
AP European History Phillip II of Spain most powerful Spanish king–42 year reign El Escorial—church, palace, mausoleum Very wealthy—gold from New World “It is best to keep an eye on everything” Peasants— most heavily taxed #17. Describe the status of Philip II of Spain in the 2nd half of 16c. Imperial Spain and the Reign of Philip II Until the defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588, no one person stood larger in the second half of the 16th century than Philip II of Spain. Philip was heir to the intensely Catholic and militarily supreme western Habsburg kingdom. The eastern Habsburg land had been given by Charles V to Philip’s uncle, Emperor Ferdinand I. As Europe became wealthier, it also became more populous, tripling or quadrupling in many towns. By 1600, Europe’s population exceeded 70 million. Philip dedicated his reign to establishing Catholic orthodoxy by forcibly converting or expelling Jews and Moors (Muslims), Spain’s most productive and educated groups. His father Charles V (ruled from then abdicated and gone into a monastery. (King Philip was hard working, devout, and ambitious. During his 42-year reign, he sought to expand Spanish influence, strengthen the Catholic Church, and make his own power absolute. Unlike other monarchs of his time, Philip devoted much time to gov’t work. He seldom hunted, never jousted, and lived as sparsely as a monk. His castle, the Escorial (ehs-KOHR ee uhl) reflected his character. The Escorial was an isolated, somber palace outside Madrid. It served as a church, a residence, and a tomb for members of the royal family. “It is best to keep an eye on everything” he often said and he meant it. He made notes on even the most trivial matters. Once the Spanish ambassador to England wrote about an unfamiliar kind of insect he had seen in London. “Probably fleas” Philip scribbled on the letter. He ruled his kingdom by pen and paper rather than by personal presence. Philip had his own personal sorrows. His mad and treacherous son died under suspicious circumstances in 1568—some contemporaries suspected that Philip had him quietly executed—only 3 months before the death of the queen (He was married to Mary Tudor and later married Henry II of France’s 13 year old daughter whose mother was Catherine de Medici.
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Philip II’s shortcomings
Chapter 12: Age of Religious Wars AP European History Philip II’s shortcomings loan defaults inflation wide gap between wealthy & peasants Spanish Armada defeated in 1588
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Philip II’s Accomplishments
Chapter 12: Age of Religious Wars AP European History Philip II’s Accomplishments Battle of Lepanto— ends Turkish control of the Mediterranean Sea Annexes Portugal—gaining its immense overseas empire Builds an efficient bureaucracy and military
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Revolt in the Netherlands
Chapter 12: Age of Religious Wars AP European History Revolt in the Netherlands Richest area of Philip II’s kingdom Many towns Calvinist strongholds William of Orange – politique led revolt against Granville Compromise – national pledge to reject decrees of Trent and Inquisition which Philip was trying to impose 19. Discuss what happened in the Netherlands in regards to the Protestant Reformation. The Netherlands was a group of 17 provinces clustered around the mouth of the Rhine and ruled by the king of Spain. His successes in southern Europe would not be repeated in the north (Netherlands). This would be the undoing of Spanish dreams of a world empire. Netherlands was the richest area of his kingdom. He had left his half sister, Margaret, as regent in his absence. Cardinal Granvelle, his handpicked lieutenant to assist her in state matters, hoped to stop Protestant gains in the area by making internal church reforms. He hoped to make the country politically docile and religiously uniform. Philip II tried, unwisely, to enforce the Council of Trent decrees throughout the Netherlands. Many of the merchant towns were very independent and many like Antwerp, were Calvinist strongholds. 20.What role did William of Nassau, Prince of Orange, aka William of Orange, play in the uprisings in the Netherlands? One of the opposition was William of Nassau, Prince of Orange AKA William of Orange and William the Silent—because of his very small circle of confidants. He was a politique who placed the political autonomy and well-being of the Netherlands above religious creeds. He had personally been Catholic, Lutheran, and Calvinist (after the St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre he became an avowed Calvinist). 21. What was the Compromise? Results? (p 400)The Compromise was a national covenant that was drawn up. It was a solemn pledge to resist the decrees of Trent and the Inquisition, which Philip II was trying to impose on the Netherlands. Regent Margaret would not listen to their grievancesfull-scale rebellion seemed imminent. The Calvinists rioted in 1566, the Dutch Protestants called on French Huguenots, and German Lutherans for help. The rebellion failed to materialize because the Higher nobility of the Netherlands would not support it. They were as shocked at Calvinist iconoclasm and anarchy as they resented Granvelle’s more subtle repression. Philip sent Duke of Alba and 10,000 soldiers to brutally put down the troubles. Several thousands were publicly executed, people were taxed to pay for putting down their own rebellion and the duke became more hated than the radical Calvinist had ever been. William of Orange fled to Germany during the 6 turbulent years that Alba ruled.
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Independence for the Netherlands
Chapter 12: Age of Religious Wars AP European History Independence for the Netherlands William of Orange leads rebellion against Spain— takes over Calvinist inclined Northern territories Spanish Fury – Spanish troops massacre 7000 in Antwerp Pacification of Ghent — Protestant & Catholics unite against Spain Spain forced to sign Perpetual Edict of 1577 remove all Spanish troops from Netherlands Gave the country to William of Orange Southern provinces remained Catholic Peace of Westphalia, 1648 — Spain recognizes full independence of Netherlands
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Chapter 12: Age of Religious Wars
AP European History
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Mary I of England—“Bloody Mary”
Chapter 12: Age of Religious Wars AP European History Mary I of England—“Bloody Mary” Tries to return England to Catholicism burns about 300 Protestants at the stake; others flee to the Continent) marries into militant Catholicism by wedding Philip II of Spain
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Chapter 12: Age of Religious Wars
AP European History Elizabeth I of England Politique—merged broadly defined Protestant doctrine with traditional Catholic ritual—resulting in Anglican Church Repealed anti-Protestant legislation Thirty-Nine Articles—broad creed of faith made moderate Protestantism official religion England Conflict with Spain over her support of the Dutch Protestants
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Chapter 12: Age of Religious Wars
AP European History Princess Elizabeth
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Catholic and Protestant Extremists
Chapter 12: Age of Religious Wars AP European History Catholic and Protestant Extremists Puritans – wanted to purify the church of “popery” 2 grievances—1) retention of Catholic ceremony & vestments, 2) continuing espiscopal system of church governance Presbyterians–semiautonomous congregations governed by representative presbyteries Congregationalists—more extreme Puritans, wanted every congregation to be autonomous—not tolerated by Elizabeth I
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Chapter 12: Age of Religious Wars
AP European History Mary, Queen of Scots Radical Catholics wanted to replace Elizabeth I with Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots, Catholic ruler of Scotland—forced to abdicate throne & flee to England and Elizabeth I Put under house arrest Complicit in assassination plots—executed by Elizabeth after 19 yrs. Ends Catholic hopes of bloodless reconciliation with Protestant England—leads to invasion of the Spanish Armada
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The Defeat of the Spanish Armada—1588
Chapter 12: Age of Religious Wars AP European History The Defeat of the Spanish Armada—1588 Brought on by Elizabeth’s Support of Protestants in Netherlands Covert support of pirates—Francis Drake and other “Sea Dogs” Execution of Mary, Queen of Scots Results Gave heart to Protestant resistance Spain never recovered
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Chapter 12: Age of Religious Wars
AP European History The Thirty Years War Germany – fragmented—360 autonomous political entities Worst of the religious wars Fought mostly in Germany Involved the major state of Europe— Sweden, Austria, France, Denmark
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Thirty Years War—First Phase Bohemian Period
Chapter 12: Age of Religious Wars AP European History Thirty Years War—First Phase Bohemian Period Catholics name Ferdinand II as HRE— immediately revokes religious freedom of Bohemian Protestants Bohemians defiantly name Palatine, Frederick V their king (a Calvinist) Defenestration of Prague —May, 1618— Bohemians throw king’s men from window Ferdinand wins this one—re-Catholized Bohemia
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Chapter 12: Age of Religious Wars
AP European History The Danish Phase: Ferdinand II tried to end all resistance. Albrecht von Wallenstein leads army and defeats Protestants in north Edict of Restitution (1629): Restored all Catholics lands lost since 1552. Deprived all Protestants, except Lutherans, of religious & political rights. German princes feared Ferdinand he fired Wallenstein in effort to calm them.
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Chapter 12: Age of Religious Wars
AP European History Albrecht von Wallenstein
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Chapter 12: Age of Religious Wars
AP European History The Swedish Phase: France & Sweden now get involved. Both want to stop Habsburg power. Gustavus Adolphus invaded HR Empire. Ferdinand II brought back Wallenstein. Swedish advance was stopped. Wallenstein assassinated to appease German princes Peace of Prague—Compromise
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Chapter 12: Age of Religious Wars
AP European History Gustavus Adolphus
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Swedish-French Phase: 1635-1648
Chapter 12: Age of Religious Wars AP European History Swedish-French Phase: All countries in Europe now participated. Most destructive phase Results: Germany devastated German fragmentation perpetuated 2 c Agriculture collapsed famine 8 million dead 1/3 of the population Massive inflation European trade crippled Loss of power & influence by the HRE
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Chapter 12: Age of Religious Wars
AP European History Treaty of Westphalia 1648 Ended Thirty Years War Rescinded Edict of Restitution Reasserted “cuius regio, eius religio” from Peace of Augsburg Calvinist officially recognized Swiss Confederacy, the Netherlands and Bavaria become independent
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Chapter 12: Age of Religious Wars
AP European History Spain and France Spain and France continue to war until 1659, when France emerges victorious Franceclear winner—becomes Europe’s dominant power Hapsburg Spain and Holy Roman Empireclear losers—never recovers
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Chapter 12: Age of Religious Wars
AP European History Nobody Was Happy! Many Protestants felt betrayed. Pope denounced it. Only merit ended an intolerable war For the next few centuries, this war was blamed for everything that went wrong in Central Europe.
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