1. 1

2. Fluke Corporation European Headquarters Eindhoven, the Netherlands
Corporate Headquarters
near Seattle, WA, USA

3. Fluke Corporation
Founded in basement of John Fluke’s home in Springdale, Connecticut, USA in 1948
2,400 employees worldwide
Offices in 21 countries around the world
Distributed in more than 100 countries
Manufacturing facilities in Everett (USA), the Netherlands, the U.K. and China

4. Measurements for Power Quality maintenance

5. Industry trends Growing concern for personal safety
complexity of today’s systems, bring over voltage risks
international & national regulations (& guidance)
Increased attention on power related issues
deregulation of power distribution
Increasing loads on power systems
Shift from reactive maintenance to preventive maintenance
More work by fewer people
Decreasing maintenance budget
More complex equipment

6. History of Maintenance Practices
20 years ago…
The primary goal of maintenance was loss prevention and the fundamental requirement was to provide the basic need at minimum cost.
Today…
Companies are researching all possible means to extend the productive life
Tool use by application*
Scheduled
Thermal Imaging
Ultrasonic testing
Vibration Analyzers
Recorders/Loggers
Motor/Circuit Test
Oil Testers
Predictive
TREND
PQ Analyzers
IR Temperature
Insulation testers
Preventive
Network Test
Scope Meters
Loop Cal.
Clamp Meter
DMM
Simple Testers
Reactive

7. Types of Maintenance Break-down Reactive Cost Maintenance
Time
Cost
Reactive
Maintenance
Repair it when it fails
Preventive
Maintenance
Maintenance at regular intervals
Time
Cost
Time
Cost
Predictive
Maintenance
Problem detected before predicted failure.
Maintenance planned ahead

8. Power Quality Effects of bad power quality are not immediately obvious
Bad power quality can come from anywhere
Consequences could be severe (production loss)
Power quality problems are a root cause:
Malfunction
Shutdown
Excessive energy cost
Decreased lifetime of equipment

9. Example

10. Example
This manufacturer is the third biggest power consumer of the local energy supplier. They produce fiber materials for sports equipment.
A new heating system was installed on a key process
During a routine check with a thermographic camera it was discovered there had been an increase in temperature of the neutral conductor.
Check with a current clamp revealed 20A Phase currents & 40A Neutral current

11. Example A power quality logger was used to gather the needed data.
Connection was only possible on the distribution board connection, fused with 250A, not at the heater due to safety reasons.
This makes analysis a bit more complex since the heater represents a small part of the total load

12. Results Current trend Neutral current
Question: Why does the neutral carry 60A and not only 6A which would be the difference between currents in L1, L2 and L3?

13. Results 2
Conclusion; there is a third harmonic present in the neutral

14. Conclusion Further analysis showed that:
The reason for the neutral conductor overload clearly is the heating installation, which generates high triplen harmonics
More unbalances present so further more measurements would be very helpful.
What was the cause?
Regulators built into the heating system require harmonic filters which were not installed
10A fund
35A 3rd

15. Conclusion Thermal survey gives early warning of a problem
Addition of new equipment can introduce problems which are not obvious or visible
Performing system check “before” and “after” can prevent future failures
“Balanced” loads still can have harmonic content running in the neutral

16. Measurement of Electrical Systems

17. Measurement Safety Power Quality Measurement
The effect of distortion on simple test tools
Measurement of Harmonics
Measurement Specifications
Typical measurements
Power Quality Measurement Equipment
Basic Measurements
Test equipment types

18. Measurement Safety Power Quality Measurement
The effect of distortion on simple test tools
Measurement of Harmonics
Measurement Specifications
Typical measurements
Power Quality Measurement Equipment
Basic Measurements
Test equipment types

19. Safety of Measurement
Example
DMM fitted with low energy fuse used incorrectly on a high energy circuit

20. EN61010 LV Directive Implemented in 1998
All instruments have to be tested by an independent test house (2004)
Each instrument must be marked with an Overvoltage Category ( CAT I, II, III, IV )
As well as a voltage level (300, 600, 1000 Volts) 35 7 7

21. Category Rating CAT IV - Electricity meters and primary connection
CAT III - Permanent connection to the fixed installation.
CAT II - Appliances, portable tools etc.
CAT I - Protected electronic circuits. 17 11 11 39

22. Voltage Rating per Category Test Impulse Rating37 9 9

23. IEC 1010 / EN61010 Regulations are not an option
Second edition EN61010 ( 2004 ) requires independent testing
Remember Test leads are CAT rated ...

24. Available from Fluke Free Safety DVD Not sales focused
Information on EN61010
Interview with an arc blast survivor

25. Measurement Seminar Safety Power Quality Measurement
The effect of distortion on simple test tools
Measurement of Harmonics
Measurement Specifications
Typical measurements
Power Quality Measurement Equipment
Basic Measurements
Test equipment types

26. Harmonics Distorted waveforms
Harmonic frequencies combine with the fundamental sine
wave to form non-sinusoidal (distorted) waveforms. =

27. Effect of distortion on test tools

28. 59.2 A AC 40.5 A AC Measurement Methods
Both Clamp Meter’s are calibrated and functioning correctly
59.2 A AC
40.5 A AC

29. Measurement Sinewave
How does a measurement device measure the effective value of a waveform ?
Two Methods - Averaging & True RMS

30. Averaging Measurement
Effective (RMS) value = 1.11 X Average value.

31. Non-linear Loads Switching Power Supply
Volts
Amps
What happens to the measurement device if the waveform is distorted by non-linear loads ?

32. Measurement Distorted Waveform
Effective (RMS) value = 1.85 x Average value.
An averaging measurement device (1.11 x) would read up to 40 % too low.
RMS
AVG

33. Averaging Measurement
Nuisance tripping at 60A ?
True RMS Measurement
Averaging Measurement
59.2 A AC
40.5 A AC

34. True RMS Measurement True RMS / Harmonics
A True RMS meter calculates the effective heating value of the distorted waveform
This will include all harmonics .

35. Crest Factor
Peak value = X RMS value.
1.414 = Crest Factor.

36. Crest Factor Distorted Waveform
Peak value = 2.9 X RMS Value.
2.9 = Crest Factor.
Peak
RMS

37. Crest Factor Distorted Waveforms
C.F. = 1.43
C.F. = 2.39
C.F. = 4.68
Professional Multimeters usually rated at CF <3
High Quality units rated at CF of 6
Power Quality Analyzer CF >11 .

38. Power Measurement Two Power Factors 
Screen Shots from a Fluke 43 Single Phase and a Fluke 434 Three Phase analyser

39. Power Measurement System with no Harmonic content
True Power (W)
Reactive power (kVAr)
Cos φ (dpf) = true power (fundamental)
Apparent power (kVA)

40. Power Measurement System with Harmonic content Reactive power (kVAr)
True Power (W)
Reactive power (kVAr)
Reactive power
(Harmonic component)
Cos φ (dpf) : true power/Reactive power (fundamental)
PF: true power/reactive power (incl harmonics)
Apparent power including harmonics (kVA)

41. Power Measurement Two Power Factors ! 
Screen Shots from a Fluke 43 Single Phase and a Fluke 434 Three Phase analyser

42. Measurement where Harmonics are present
Always use True RMS
Check the crest factor rating
When measuring power be aware of PF vs Cos φ/(DPF)
C.F. = 1.43
C.F. = 2.39
C.F. = 4.68

43. 2) Measurement of Harmonics

44. VIRTUALLY ALL HARMONIC PROBLEMS ARE GENERATED “IN HOUSE”
EN50160 Harmonics
Upper limits for individual harmonic voltages at the supply terminals in % of nominal voltage. 95% of 10-minute average Vrms over 1 week must be below limits
Odd harmonics
Even Harmonics
Not multiples of 3
Multiples of 3
Order h
Relative voltage 5
6 % 3
5 % 2
2 % 7 9
1.5 % 4
1 % 11
3.5 % 15
0.5 %
6…24 13
3 % 21 17 19 23 25
VIRTUALLY ALL HARMONIC PROBLEMS ARE GENERATED “IN HOUSE”

45. IEC 61000-4-30 specification Test Equipment
Class A
Class B
Measurement
Interval
Accuracy
Power frequency Hz
10 sec
± 10mHz
Manufacturer to indicate
Magnitude supply voltage
Vrms
10 cycles
± 0.1%
Flicker (IEC )
Plt
2 hr
± 5%
Voltage dips, swells and interruptions, rapid voltage changes
½ cycle Vrms
10 ms
± 0.2%
Unbalance (method of symmetrical components)
Vrms fundamental
± 0.15% (uncert.)
Harmonics (IEC )
THD, Harm V, A, Inter harmonics
± 1-5%
Transients (not specified)
V peak
50 μ sec (200KS/s)
Mains signaling
Inter harmonic
Flagging
Dip, swells, interruptions might create unreliable readings of Hz, Vrms, Unbalance and Harm. Therefore Must be re flagged (dirty) to avoid miss interpretation
Not specified
Time synchronization
External clock; GPS
1 period

46. Harmonic Measurement For troubleshooting Check the harmonics present
Check for the levels of the harmonics
Look for recognizable patterns
50 Hz
100 Hz
150 Hz
200 Hz

47. Harmonic Measurement – PC Load
V, A, Hz Measurement
Harmonic Measurement
3rd Harmonic Content

48. Elec. Fluorescent Lighting Ballast
Harmonic Measurement
PC / IT Load
Elec. Fluorescent Lighting Ballast
6 Pulse Bridge
12 Pulse Bridge

49. Measurement Seminar Safety Power Quality Measurement
The effect of distortion on simple test tools
Measurement of Harmonics
Measurement Specifications
Typical measurements
Power Quality Measurement Equipment
Basic Measurements
Test equipment types

50. Types of Measurement Tools
Power Quality Troubleshooting / Survey tools
Devices designed as a measurement tool
Simple to use / Immediate measurements
Troubleshooting / Survey tool / some logging
Power Quality “Logging”
Devices designed for long term monitoring
Record every parameter for detailed analysis
Predictive Maintenance

51. Power Quality Troubleshooting & Surveys
Measurements
Volts Amps & Frequency
Power
Harmonics
Dips & Swells
Transients
Unbalance
Flicker
Inrush
Temperature

52. 1) Volts, Amps & Frequency
Using a Power Quality Analyser
View all of the main parameters at point of connection
Graphical as well as numeric display can help highlight potential problems
Scope
Vector
Trend

53. 2) Power Measurement Typical power measurement information
Shows the sides of the triangle

54. 3) Three Phase Harmonic Measurement

55. 4) Transient Measurement
Cause….. interference
Difficult to capture
Triggering of ‘scopes difficult…width, timing, peak value ?
Modern power quality analyzers purpose built for the job
Envelope trigger
Accurate real time stamping is essential
+X%
240V
- X%

56. 5) Dips and Swells
Recording of upstream and downstream sags can indicate loads causing problems
Upstream Sag
Downstream Sag

57. 6) Unbalance
The phase diagram gives a quick indication of phase relationships and balance
In this example voltage unbalance is very small, but current unbalance is nearly 19%.

58. 7) Flicker Measurements
A reading greater than 1 means that most people will perceive flicker in an incandescent bulb
Measurement
Pst (1 min): Short-term flicker over 1 minute
Pst: Short-term flicker over 10 minutes
Plt: Long-term flicker over 2 hours

59. Three Phase Inrush Measurement
Inrush Current Measurement
Momentary peak of current during switch on.
Current clamps can capture peak reading
Analyzers can give time measurement
Screen Shot of a PQA showing start-up current generated by a cooling system
Three Phase Inrush Measurement

60. 9) Temperature
Many power quality problems initially result in an increase in temperature of components, connectors, cables and machinery
Infra red non contact measurement is the ideal way to locate this type of problem

61. Why infrared non-contact measurement?
1) Measurement from distance
Dangerous to contact (Electrical)
Difficult to reach
Moving objects
2) Measurement without contact
Very hot objects
Where contact would damage, contaminate or change temperature (Food & Chemical)

62. Example Substations

63. Substations
Both qualitative and quantitative inspections are Required to determine a fault

64. Electrical connections
The connections on this evaporator pump
read over 50 degrees hotter on phase 3

65. Electrical connections
The temperature readouts show that connection on the centre phase of this main lighting disconnect are hot, suggesting an unbalanced load

66. Electrical connections
A PVC cable should not exceed 70 C in Europe, meaning 40 C for max ambient temperature and 30 C for overheating above ambient.
Note. In the USA made application notes the value mention for overheating is 40 C, not 30 C

67. Electrical unbalance or overload?

68. Electrical unbalance or overload?
Where is the increased resistance? On the left or on the right contact?
A hot spot is not necessarily a faulty connection!

69. Fluke Power Quality

70. Single Phase Troubleshooting
Fluke 345 Power Clamp
Fluke 43B Analyzer

71. Three Phase Troubleshooting
Fluke 435 Power Quality Troubleshooter
Fluke 1735 Power Logger

72. Fluke 1740 Series Power Quality Logger Fluke 1760 Power Quality Logger
Power Quality Logging
Fluke 1740 Series Power Quality Logger
Fluke 1760 Power Quality Logger

73. FlukeTi40 & Ti50 Advanced Camera’s FlukeTi20 Thermal Imaging Camera

74. More information
Fluke Power Quality Data available in the exhibition area
DVD’s
Thermal Imaging Application DVD
Safety DVD – EN61010
Power Quality Measurement DVD
Fluke Website
Short term requirement ?