1. Parts of Speech & Parts of a Sentence- Review
Grammar focus 1
Parts of Speech & Parts of a Sentence- Review

2. Introduction – Parts of Speech
Words in the English language are used in eight (or nine) different ways.
For this reason there are eight (or nine) parts of speech

3. Nouns Definition – word that names a person, place, thing, or idea.
Proper Noun – name specific people, places, things, or ideas. Ex: New York City, Zeke, Hurricane Ivan
Common Noun – any noun that is not a proper noun. Ex: school, car, dog
Types of Nouns –
Concrete – names things that can be seen, heard, or touched. Ex: water, mountain, air, money
Abstract – names something that you can think about but cannot see. Ex: joy, hope, August, kindness
Collective – names a collection of person, animals, or things Ex: group, class, clan, flock, tribe

4. Pronouns Definition – Used in place of a noun.
Antecedent – The noun to which the pronoun refers to is called the antecedent.
Pronouns must match their antecedent in “person,” “gender,” and “number”
Includes: I, me, you, he, him, she, her, it , we, us, they, them
WATCH OUT! Check for agreement with compound subjects and objects
Example: Andre and Jerry got out their snowboards.
Example: The attendant would allow neither Andre nor Jerry to ride the lift without his ticket.

5. Types of Pronouns Personal Pronoun Demonstrative Pronouns
Defn: Pronouns that refer to:
1) the person speaking or writing,
2) the person listening or reading, or
3) the topic (person, place, or thing) being discussed or written about
Examples: I, me, my, mine, you, your, yours, he, him, she, her, it, its, we, us, our, ours, they, them, their, theirs
Demonstrative Pronouns
Defn: A pronoun that points out a person, place, or thing. DEMONSTRATES the person, place, or thing
Examples: This, that, these, those

6. Adjectives
Definition – Words that describe or modify nouns or pronouns.
Help readers see, feel, hear, smell, and taste what writers are describing
Adjectives answer four questions:
What Kind?
How Much?
How Many?
Which One?
Ex: Spanish moss, six horses, that desk, last test, some rain, green apples, few computers.

7. Articles:
Technically articles fall into the category of adjectives, but many consider them a separate category. (Hence the 9th part of speech)
Simply the words: A An
The
Definite Article = “The” – points to a specific person, place, or thing.
Indefinite Article = “A” and “An” – point to any member of a group of similar people, places, or things.

8. Verbs
Definition – Shows action or links the subject to another word in the sentence.
Action Verb – Shows what the subject is doing
Linking Verb – Connects a subject to a noun or an adjective in the predicate.
Common linking verbs: be, is, are, was, were, am, been, being, appear, become, feel, grow, look, remain, seem, smell, sound, taste.
Ex: A hurricane is a tropical cyclone.
Helping Verb: Completes the main verb.
Ex: The hurricane will result in some damage.
Irregular Verb: the endings do not follow the –ed rule. Verb probably changes. Ex: Write – wrote, Swim - Swam

9. Adverbs
Definition – Describes or modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs.
Adverbs can answer 5 questions:
How?
When?
How often?
Where?
How much?
Examples Sentences:
Dad drove carefully through the fog. We hope it clears up later. The fog seems to be everywhere. It completely blocks the view of my yard.

10. Comparatives & Superlatives as Adverbs
The comparative will modify verbs that compare the actions of two items.
earlier, farther
The superlative will modify verbs that compare the actions of three or more items.
earliest, farthest

11. Examples
Frank will arrive early in the morning. (positive or basic form)
Josh arrived earlier in the morning. (comparative)
Samuel arrived the earliest in the morning. (superlative)
Sally works hard.
Steve works harder than Sally
Kathy and Sue work the hardest of all.

12. Preposition
Word, or group of words, that show the relationship between an object (the noun or pronoun that follows the preposition) and another word in the sentence.
About, before, behind, down, at, because of, for of, over, on top of, toward, under, within, without, since, across, according to, amid, despite, between, etc.

13. Conjunctions
Definition – Connects individual words or groups of words.
Three types:
Coordinating conjunctions – connects words to words, a phrase to a phrase, or a clause to a clause
And, but, or, nor, for, yet, so (FANBOYS)
Correlative: conjunctions used in pairs
Not only, but also; neither, nor; either, or; both, and; weather, or
Subordinating: both connect and show relationship between two clauses that are NOT equally important.
After, although, as, before, because, since, so that, till, etc.

14. Interjections Definition – communicates strong emotion or surprise.
Punctuation, often a comma or exclamation point, is used to set off an interjection from the rest of the sentence.
Oh no! I forgot my homework
Good grief! I am tired of his complaining.
Yikes, I’ll go mad if the cat keeps howling.

15. Parts of a Sentence
The following are not parts of speech, but are parts of a sentence. These are used in grammar to refer to very specific parts of every sentence
Every sentence has two parts
Subject
Predicate

16. Subject(s)
The subject of a sentence is who (person) or what (thing) the sentence is about
Answers the questions: What is this sentence about? Who is this sentence about?
It is a noun
There may be other nouns in the sentence, but these may not be the subject.
Ex. Zeke ran through the house to grab the tennis ball that was bouncing.

17. Compound Subjects
A compound subject contains two or more subjects usually joined by “and” or “or”.
Still answers: who or what is this sentence about?
Ex. Mark Twain and Harper Lee are American authors.

18. Predicate A predicate tells what the subject does.
Answers the questions:
What is the person doing?
What is the thing doing?
It is a verb.
There may be other verbs in the sentence.
Ex. Zeke ran through the house to catch the ball that was bouncing.

19. Compound Predicates
A compound predicate has two or more predicates usually joined by “and”, “or”, or “but”
Still answers the question: what is the subject doing?
Ex. They wrote great novels and became famous.