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Chapter 1
Before History
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2. History of the World in 2 minutes!
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3. Forming the Complex Society
Basic development:
Hunting and foraging
Agriculture
Complex society
Key issue: surplus capital
Major development of first complex societies 3500 B.C.E. – 500 B.C.E.
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Prehistory
What is “history”?
Documentation
Written records
Archaeological discovery
Requisite human presence (or “natural” history)
According to Peter Sterns, (the guru of APWorld)
Why do we study history?
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5. Stages of Early Human Development 1. 4,000,000 BCE – 1,000,000 BCE
Paleolithic Age: ( Old Stone Age )
2,500,000 BCE to 8,000 BCE
2. 1,500,000 BCE ,000 BCE
,000 BCE – 30,000 BCE
4. 30,000 BCE -- 10,000 BCE

6. The Paleolithic Age
“Paleolithic” --> “Old Stone” Age
2,500,000 BCE – 10,000 BCE
Made tools
hunting (men) & gathering (women)  small bands of humans
NOMADIC (moving from place to place)

7. Development of Hominids
Animals adapt themselves to environment
Hominids adapt environment to themselves
Use of tools
Language
Complex cooperative social structures
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8. Stage 1
4,000,000 BCE – 1,000,000 BCE
Hominids --> any member of the family of two-legged primates that includes all humans.
Australopithecines
An Apposable Thumb

9. Stage 1 HOMO HABILIS ( “Man of Skills” ) found in East Africa.
created stone tools.

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Australopithecus
“The southern ape” – despite name, a hominid
Discovery of skeleton AL-288-1, north of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Nicknamed “Lucy”-3.2 million years old
3’5”, 55lb., bipedal, brain 500 cc (modern human: cc), limited speech but opposable digit
Most recent discovery anyone?
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Meet Ardi!
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Later Hominids
Homo erectus, “upright walking human”
Larger brain capacity (1000 cc), improved tool use, control of fire, ability to communicate complex ideas
Homo sapiens, “consciously thinking human”
Largest brain, esp. frontal regions
Most sophisticated tools and social organization; flexible language
Migrations of Homo erectus and Homo sapiens
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13. Stage 2
1,6000,000 BCE – 30,000 BCE
HOMO ERECTUS ( “Upright Human Being” )
BIPEDALISM
Larger and more varied tools --> primitive technology
First hominid to migrate and leave Africa for Europe and Asia.
First to use fire ( 500,000 BCE )

14. The Paleolithic Age Purpose??
Humans during this period found shelter in caves.
Cave paintings left behind.
Purpose??

15. Global Migrations of Homo erectus and Homo sapiens
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16. AP Key Concept 1.1 (ENV) Peopling of Earth:
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17. Stage 3 Neanderthals ( 200,000 BCE – 30,000 BCE )
HOMO SAPIENS ( “Wise Human Being” )
Neanderthals ( 200,000 BCE – 30,000 BCE )
Cro-Magnons ( 40,000 BCE – 10,000 BCE )

18. Stage 3 NEANDERTHALS: Neander Valley, Germany (1856)
First humans to bury their dead.
Made clothes from animal skins.
Lived in caves and tents.

19. Stage 3
NEANDERTHALS
Early Hut/Tent

20. Stage 3 CRO-MAGNONs: Homo sapiens sapiens ( “Wise, wise human” )
By 30,000 BCE they replaced Neanderthals.
WHY???

21. The Natural Environment
By 13,000 B.C.E., Homo sapiens in every inhabitable part of the world
Archaeological finds:
Sophisticated tools
Choppers, scrapers, axes, knives, bows, arrows
Cave and hut-like dwellings
Use of fire, animal skins
Hunted several mammal species to extinction
Climatic change may have accelerated process
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22. Homo sapiens sapiens in Europe

23. Paleolithic Era (“Old Stone Age”)
Evidence:
Archaeological finds
Extrapolation from modern hunter-gatherer societies
Nomadic existence precludes advanced civilization
Division of labor along gender lines
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24. Relative Social Equality
Nomadic culture precludes accumulation of land-based wealth
Relatively egalitarian existence
More likely determinants of status: age, hunting skill, fertility, personality
Possible gender equality related to food production
Men: protein from hunting
Women: plant gathering
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Big-Game Hunting
Evidence of intelligent coordination of hunting expeditions
Development of weaponry
Animal-skin disguises
Stampeding tactics
Lighting of fires, etc., to drive game into kill zones
Required planning, communication
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26. Paleolithic Settlements
Natufian society
Modern Israel and Jordan
Wild wheat, herding
Jomon society
Japan
Wild buckwheat, fishing
Chinook society
Pacific northwest
Berries, acorns, salmon runs
Groups of 1000 or more
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27. Early Settled Communities
Growing crops on a regular basis made possible the support of larger populations.
More permanent, settled communities emerged.
9,000 BCE  Earliest Agricultural Settlement at JARMO ( northern Iraq )  wheat

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Neandertal Peoples
Neander valley, western Germany
Flourished in Europe and southwest Asia, 200,000 to 35,000 years ago
Also found in Africa, east Asia
Evidence of spirituality: ritual burial
Inhabited some of the same areas as Homo sapiens
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30. Creativity of Homo sapiens
Constructed flexible languages for communication of complex ideas
Increased variety of tools – stone blades, spear throwers, sewing needles, barbed harpoons
Fabricated ornamental beads, necklaces and bracelets
The bow and arrow – a dramatic improvement in humans’ power over nature
“Venus” figurines
Cave paintings
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31. Neolithic Era (“New Stone Age”)
Distinction in tool production
Chipped vs. polished
Relied on cultivation for subsistence
Men: herding animals rather than hunting
Women: nurturing vegetation rather than foraging
Spread of agriculture
Slash-and-burn techniques
Exhaustion of soil promotes migration
Transport of crops from one region to another
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32. Origins and Early Spread of Agriculture
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33. Agriculture and Population Growth
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34. Early Agricultural Society
Emergence of villages and towns
Discoveries at Çatal Hüyük – a prominent village located in Turkey, occupied B.C.E.
Pots, baskets, textiles, leather, stone, metal tools, wood carvings, carpets, beads, and jewelry
Development of crafts – pottery, metallurgy, and textile production
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Social Distinctions
Accumulation of landed wealth initiates development of social classes
Individuals could trade surplus food for valuable items
Archaeological evidence in variety of household decorations, goods buried with deceased members of society at Çatal Hüyük
Jericho (modern-day Israel) first walled city
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Neolithic Culture
Farmers closely observed the natural world – an early kind of applied science
Elements of natural environment essential for functioning
Archaeological evidence of religious worship: thousands of clay figurines, drawings on pots, tool decorations, other ritual objects
Fertility: Venus figurines (Paleolithic too!)
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37. The Origins of Urban Life
Craft specialization
Social relationships
Governance
Cultural workers
Development of the city becoming the focal point of public affairs, where leaders guided human fortunes, supervised neighboring regions, and organized the world’s earliest complex societies
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Catal Huyuk
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