1. Self-Report Honesty Tests
"There's only one way to find out if a man is honest; Ask him. If he says yes, you know he's a crook." --- Groucho Marx
“It is discouraging how many people are shocked by honesty and how few by deceit.”  --- Noël Coward
"Any fool can tell the truth, but it requires a man of some sense to know how to lie well.” --- Samuel Butler
"The relevant framework is not one of morality but of survival. At every level, from brute camouflage to poetic vision, the linguistic capacity to conceal, misinform, leave ambiguous, hypothesize, invent is indispensable to the equilibrium of human consciousness and to the development of man in society..." George Steiner, After Babel

2. Honesty Tests --- Why use them?
Reduce employee theft
Reduce inappropriate use of company resources (e.g., Internet, phone,
supplies)
Reduce counter-productive work behaviors (e.g., lying, policy violations, non work-related behaviors)
Reduce fraud (e.g., recordkeeping/accounting, expenses)

3. Honesty Testing (Some data on theft)
Theft Frequency (mid 30% range)
Study of over 9,000 employees in three different industries found that 1/3 (34%) of the typical company's employees admitted to some form of stealing from their employer
U.S. Department of Justice % of store employees admitted to stealing from their Co.
Lost Revenue (between 15 to 40 billion a year)
Bureau of National Affairs --- Losses from employee theft are $15 – 25 billion annually
US Chamber of Commerce --- employees steal between billion dollars annually from their employers (this is 10 times the value of street crime in the US
University of Florida 2002 National Retail Security Survey, employee theft responsible for 48% of store inventory shrinkage at an cost of about 15-billion dollars per year
Neil Snyder of the University of Virginia --- About 1/3 of all small business failures can be attributed to employee theft

4. Some Reasons for Employee Theft
Retribution --- “I am underpaid and I’m only taking what I deserve”; “The company angered me and I got back at it”
Justification --- “Everybody does it, besides, they can write it off”; “The company makes a large profit and I deserve some of it”
Shame/Low Self-Esteem—Feeling of feeling good at something
Need
Boredom/Excitement— To live on the edge
Conformity --- “Everyone is doing it”
Power and Control — Offset feelings of powerlessness
Grief — Trying to fill a void due to a loss

5. Honesty (Integrity) Testing
Increased usage with passage of the EPPA (1988)
Study of Fortune 1000 companies; 28.5% used, or planned to use, honesty tests to screen applicants (Piotrowski & Armstrong, 2006)
Wang, X., & Yancey, G. G. (2012). The Benefit of a Degree in I-O Psychology or Human Resources. The Industrial-Organizational Psychologist, 50,

7. Two Basic “Types”
Overt integrity tests
2) Covert (Honesty test questions imbedded within personality measures, e.g., among items assessing drug use/attitudes, tendency toward violence)

9. Honesty Self Test OR

10. Honesty Testing --- Types of Questions (cont.)
Covert Tests (tests about one’s attitudes thought to relate to honesty)
It would be better if almost all laws were thrown away [Conventionality, traditionalism]
Sometimes I am strongly attracted by the personal articles of others [Self-discipline]
I like to take chances [Sensation seeking]
On average, how often during the week do you go to parties? [Sensation seeking]
Does it bother you when people ask stupid questions? [Forgiveness]
How often do you make your bed? [Tidiness]
I feel lonely even when I am with other people [Alienation]

11. Honesty Tests ---Validity Issues
a) Correlations with polygraph results
b) Future behavior (e.g., # days with cash shortage, discharges)
c) Admissions of past theft
d) Shrinkage reduction
e) Contrasted groups (e.g., scores by criminals vs. general population scores)

12. Other Issues
Cut-off Score Determination e.g., cost-benefit assessment; tailoring the cut-off score for individual companies and job categories?) Approximately percent of test takers fail honesty tests (Sackett, et al. 1989)
Should scores on other tests be allowed to compensate for poor honesty test scores? Role of honesty test score in the selection system (e.g., fail an honesty test but pass personality and ability tests). In practice, most organizations use honesty tests as the last step in their selection process
Integrity tests can be faked – especially overt tests – and that the more likely candidates to fake honesty are the dishonest candidates! (Sackett et al., 1989)

13. Some Evidence on Honesty Testing
The American Psychological Association (Goldberg, Grenier, Guion, Sechrest, & Wing, 1991)
[Review of almost 300 studies (research publications and test publishers]
Finding: “for those few tests for which validity information is available, the preponderance of the evidence is supportive of their predictive validity” (Goldberg et al, 1991, p.26).
Large-scale meta analysis of 665 validity coefficients for integrity tests (Ones, Viswesvaran, & Schmidt, 1993)
Validity coefficient with supervisor ratings of job performance as the criterion was .21 (corrected for criterion unreliability and range restriction in the criterion, r = .34)
Average predictive validity of a criterion defined as “counter-productive behaviors” (CWB-O and CWB-P -- e.g., theft and theft-related incidents,, sabotage, abuse/violence, production deviance, withdrawal). Over 443 validity coefficients ---
r = .33; corrected value = .47