1. 2.01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system
Part 2: The Structures of the Cardiovascular System

2. Functions Pump Blood transport system around the body
Carries 02 and nutrients to cells, carries away waste products
Lymph system-returns excess tissue fluid to general circulation

3. Structure – Circulatory system involves
Heart
Arteries – carries blood away from the heart
Veins – carries blood to the heart
Capillaries
Blood and lymph are part of circulatory system

4. Major Blood Circuits General (Systemic) circulation
Cardiopulmonary circulation – Heart and lungs

5. The Heart Muscular organ Size of a closed fist Weighs 12-13 oz
Location – thoracic cavity
APEX – conical tip, lies on diaphragm. Points left.
Stethoscope- instrument used to hear the heart beat

6. Structure Hollow, muscular, double pump that circulates blood
At rest = 2 oz of blood with each beat. 5 qts/min, 75 gallons per hours
Ave = 72 bpm (beats per minute)
100,000 beats per day
Pericardium – double layer of fibrous tissue that surround the heart
Endocardium – smooth inner lining of the heart
Septum – partition (wall) that separates right half from left.

7. Average Resting Heart Rates and Ages
Age 0 to bpm
Age bpm
Age 10-Adult bpm
Athletes bpm

8. Pericardium

9. Endocardium & Myocardium & Septum

10. Structures Continued…
Superior & Inferior Vena Cava – bringing deoxygenated blood to right atrium
Pulmonary Artery – takes blood away from right ventricle to the lungs or o2
Pulmonary Veins – bring oxygenated blood from lungs to left atrium
Aorta – takes blood away from left ventricle to rest of the body.

12. Chambers and Valves Septum – divides into R and L halves
Right & Left Atriums – upper chambers
Right & Left Ventricles – lower chambers

14. Four Heart Valves Valves permit flow of blood in one direction
Tricuspid valve – Between right atrium and right ventricle
Bicuspid (Mitral) valve – between left atrium and left ventricle
Pulmonary Semilunar Valve & Aortic Semilunar Valve – are located where blood leaves the heart.

16. Physiology of the Heart

17. The heart is a double pump. When the heart beats…..
Right Heart
Deoxygenated blood flows into heart from vena cava => right atrium => tricuspid valve => right ventricle => pulmonary semilunar valve => pulmonary artery => lungs (for oxygen)
Left Heart
Oxygenated blood flows from lungs via pulmonary veins => left atrium => mitral valve => left ventricle => aortic semilunar valve => aorta => circulation to the body

19. Blood supply to the heart
From the Coronary Arteries
Heart sounds – lubb dupp

21. Control of Heart Contractions

22. SA (Sinoatrial) Node Pacemaker Located in right atrium
SA node sends out electrical impulse
Impulse spreads over atria, making them contract
Travels to AV Node

23. AV (atrioventricular) Node
Conducting cell group between atria and ventricle
Carries impulse to Bundle of His

24. Bundle of His Conducting fibers in septum
Divides into R and L branches to network of branches in ventricles (Purkinje Fibers)

25. Purkinje Fibers
Impulse shoots along Purkinje fibers causing ventricles to contract

27. Electrocardiogram (EKG or ECG
Device used to record the electrical activity of the heart
Systole – contraction phase
Diastole – relaxation phase
Baseline of an EKG is a flat line
P – atrial contraction
QRS – ventricular contract
R – ventricular relaxation
Wear Halter Monitor for 24 hours

28. EKG Reading

29. Circulation and Blood Vessels

30. Cardiopulmonary Circulation
Dealing with the Heart and Lungs
Arterioles – small arteries
Venules – small veins

31. Systemic Circulation

32. Aorta largest artery in the body First branch is coronary artery
Aortic arch
Many arteries branch off the descending aorta

33. Arteries Carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to the capillaries
Elastic, muscular, and thick-walled
Transport blood under very high pressure

34. Capillaries Smallest blood vessels, can only be seen with a microscope
Connect arterioles with venules
Walls are one-cell thick and extremely thin-allow for selective permeability of nutrients oxygen, and CO2 and metabolic wastes

35. Veins Carry deoxygenated blood away from capillaries to the heart
Veins contain a muscular layer, but less elastic and muscular than arteries
Thin walled veins collapse easily when not filled with blood
Valves – permit flow of blood only in direction of the heart
Jugular Vein – located in the neck

36. Blood Pressure
Blood Pressure (BP) is a measurement of the pressure that the blood exerts on the walls of the arteries during various stages of heart activity
Surge of blood when heart pumps creates pressure against the walls of the arteries
Measured with????

37. There are two types of blood pressure measurements: Systolic and Diastolic.
Systolic pressure occurs in the walls of the arteries when the heart is contracting. (At Work)
Diastolic pressure is the constant pressure in the walls of the arteries when the heart is at rest, or between contractions

38. Sphygmomanometer – BP Cuff Blood pressure is read in millimeters of mercury
Blood pressure is recorded as a fraction. The systolic reading on top. Normal blood pressure is systolic 120 and diastolic 80 so it is written as 120/80
Normal Rages are:
Systolic
Diastolic 60-80
Hypertension is when pressure is greater than a systolic 140 and diastolic 90
Hypotension is when pressure is lower than a systolic 90 and diastolic 60
A blood pressure of 102/62 is this normal?
146/90?

39. Pulse
Alternating expansion and contraction of an artery as blood flows through it
Sites
Brachial
Carotid
Radial
Popliteal
pedal

41. Diseases and Conditions of the Heart

42. Arrhythmia
Or dysrhythmia
Any change from normal heart rate or rhythm

44. Atrial Fibrillation

45. Bradycardia
Slow heart rate
Less than 60 bpm

46. Tachycardia
Rapid heart rate
More than 100 bpm

47. murmurs Indicates defect in heart valve
Valves fail to close properly, causing gurgling or hissing sound
/psb/heartsounds/

48. Mitral valve prolapse Mitral valve closes imperfectly Symptoms occur:
Response to stress
Fatigue
Palpitations (heart feels like its racing)
Chest PT
anxiety

49. Infectious Diseases of the Heart
Caused by virus or bacteria
Treatment is antibiotics

50. Pericarditis Inflammation of outer membrane covering the heart S/sx:
Chest PT
Cough
Dyspnea (difficulty breathing)
Tachycardia
fever

51. Myocarditis
Inflammation of heart muscle
s/sx are same as pericarditis

52. Endocarditis
Inflammation of the membrane that lines the heart and covers the valves
Causes rough spots in the endocardium which may lead to the development of a thrombus

53. Caronary Artery Disease

54. Angina Pectoris Chest PT Caused by lack of O2 to heart muscle
Treatment with nitroglycerin to dilate coronary arteries

55. Myocardial Infarction
MI or heart attack
Lack of blood supply to myocardium causes damage
Due to blockage of coronary artery or blood clot
Atherosclerosis – plaque build-up on arterial walls
Arteriosclerosis – loss of elasticity and thickening of wall
Amount of damage depends on size of area deprived of oxygen

56. Symptoms of a Heart Attack
Tx – bed rest, oxygen medication

57. Heart Attack

58. Congestive Heart Failure
Ventricles unable to contract effectively and blood pools in the heart
Edema in lower extremities
Blood backs up into lungs
Tx – drugs to strengthen heart beat (Digoxin) and diuretics to reduce fluid

59. Heart Surgery

60. Coronary Bypass Surgery
Healthy vein from leg
Attached before and after blockage
Creating alternative route for blood supply to muscle

61. Angioplasty
Helps open clogged vessels
Uses a balloon to open up

62. Opening blocks

63. Heart Transplant
Why? Irreparably damaged myocardium, valves, blood vessels, or baby/child with congenital heart defect
Problem? Histocompatibility
Rx? Immunosuppressant's
Artificial hearts? First used in Do they still work?

64. Pacemakers
Demand pace maker fires only when heart rate drops below programmed minimum

65. Stent
Tiny, expandable stainless steel tube that holds coronary artery open following angioplasty

66. CPR Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
Used in the presence of cardiac arrest

67. Defibrillation
Electrical shock to bring the heart back to a normal rhythm

68. AED
Automated External Defibrillator

69. Disorders of the Blood Vessels

70. Aneurysm
Ballooning of an artery, thinning and weakening.

71. Transient ischemic attack

72. TIA A TIA is a temporary blockage of blood flow to the brain.
Since it doesn't cause permanent damage, it might seem like no big deal.
But ignoring it is a big mistake. That's because a TIA may signal a full-blown stroke ahead.
Stroke is known as a cerebral vascular accident

73. Arteriosclerosis
Arteriosclerosis - Arterial walls thicken, lose elasticity
Atherosclerosis – fatty deposits form on walls of arteries

74. Phlebitis
Inflammation of lining of vein, accompanied by clotting of blood
s/sx: edema, pain, and redness

75. Embolism
Traveling blood clot

76. Varicose Veins Swollen, distended veins
Heredity or due to posture, prolonged periods of standing, physical exertion, age, and pregnancy

77. Hemorrhoids
Varicose rectal veins

78. Hypotension
Low blood pressure
Systolic below 100

79. Hypertension High blood pressure “silent killer” – usually no s/sx
Condition leads to stroke, heart attacks, and kidney failure
140/90 or higher
Higher in African-Americans and post menopausal women
Risk factors: smoking, overweight, stress, high fat diets, family hx
Tx: relaxation, low fat diets, exercise, weight loss, or medication

80. Diagnostic Tests

81. Cardiac Catheterization
Catheter fed into heart, dye injected, x-rays taken as dye moves through coronary arteries

82. Angiogram
X-ray of a blood vessel using dye

83. Electrocardiogram
Electrical tracing of the heart