1. The Renaissance

2. The Cradle of the Renaissance
The Renaissance began in Italy
Wealthy merchants paid artists to create paintings and sculptures for their homes
Wealthy merchant families in the city-states of Florence, Venice, Naples, Milan, and Genoa competed to make their cities centers of art and learning
Rediscovered the learning of the Greeks and Romans

3. The Cradle of the Renaissance (Continued)
Europeans got ideas from the Muslims during the crusades
During the Middle Ages the Church had kept learning alive
The Church and the scientific thinking of the ancient times often conflicted (Example: Copernicus)

4. New Ways of Thinking and Seeing
Humanism became the new way of thinking during the Renaissance
Humanism focused on the ideas and actions of the individuals
Artists like da Vinci and Michelangelo changed art and made it more realistic and emotional
Renaissance paintings and sculptures became more realistic
Created images of not only religious scenes but also of individuals and patrons
Copernicus showed that the Earth revolved around the sun

5. New Ways of Thinking (Continued)
The finding of Copernicus went against the teachings of the Church
Galileo Gallei proved the theory of Copernicus by studying the stars and recording the movement of the planets
Using observation and experiments became known as the scientific method
Church leaders did not support the new ideas because they challenged church teachings-they forced Galileo to say he was wrong

6. The Impact of Sheep and the Plague
During the 1400’s many peasants were forced off the manors to make room for sheep
Peasants were forced to move to the cities to look for jobs
The cities became crowed, crime rose, and pollution increased
During the middle 1400’s the Bubonic Plague ripped through Europe
It started in China and was passed along by trading ships
Symptoms-swelling under the arms and in the groin, ring around a red or black spot, and boils on the skin
People began to question religion and social authority.

7. Innovations of the Renaissance
Movable type printing press-Johannes Gutenberg
Books were produced faster, cheaper, more people learned to read, and ideas spread quickly throughout Europe
Used to translate the Bible (with the help of Martin Luther)

8. The Reformation
Started when Martin Luther questioned the sale of indulgences
Luther nailed his 95 Theses to the Castle Church door (things wrong with the church)
Luther was found guilty of heresy
Prince Frederick protected Luther and gave him a place to live and work
Luther believed the Bible should be translated into the language of the people (the church did not like that)
Reformation comes from the word reform

9. The Age of Exploration
Portugal, Spain, and England began searching for new routes to Asia
Overland trade was longer, more dangerous, more expensive, and not as profitable as sea trade
Portugal was the first to explore the Atlantic for a new trade route to Asia (using caravels)

10. Explorers Portugal: Dias: found a new way to Asia
Da Gama: sailed to India
Vespucci: explored the coast of Brazil
Spain:
-Columbus: reached Caribbean four times; thought it was India
-Magellan: proved ship could reach Asia by
sailing west and Earth is round-circumnavigated the globe
England:
- Giovanni Caboto: claimed northeast coast of North
America for England

11. Colonization of the Americas
Spanish conquistadors (Cortes, Pizzaro, and Columbus) went to the Americas and conquered the cultures of the New World
The Spanish explorers brought with them the Catholic religion, Spanish language, diseases, sugarcane, rice, bananas, wheat, cattle, pigs, chickens, sheep, chickpeas, and horses
From the Americas explorers took gold, silver, beans, potatoes, maize, tomatoes, and chocolate
This transfer of goods was known as the Columbian Exchange

12. Colonization of the Americas (Continued)
The Spanish enslaved many of the Native Americans and forced them to work for them (encomienda system)
The Spanish also forced them to accept the Catholic faith
After the many Native Americans died, the Europeans began to bring slaves from Africa to the new world
The French also colonized the Americas along the St. Lawrence and Mississippi rivers-they were looking for animal furs
The French integrated with the Native Americans (they were called the Coureurs de bois-runners of the woods