1. Biological Basis for Understanding Psychotropic Drugs
Chapter 3
Biological Basis for Understanding Psychotropic Drugs

2. Function of the Brain Maintenance of homeostasis
Regulation of autonomic nervous system (ANS) and hormones
Control of biological drives and behavior
Cycle of sleep and wakefulness

3. Function of the Brain Continued
Circadian rhythms
Conscious mental activity
Memory
Social skills

4. Cellular Composition of the Brain
Neurons
Respond to stimuli
Conduct electrical impulses
Release chemicals
Neurotransmitters

5. Cellular Composition of the Brain Continued
Presynaptic neuron synapse
postsynaptic neuron
Transmitter destruction
Enzymes
Reuptake

6. Neuronal Action
Neurons can release more than one chemical at the same time
Neuropeptides
Long-term changes in cells
Neurotrophic factors
Proteins
Gases
Effect of steroid hormones

7. Major Areas of the Brain
Brainstem
Cerebellum
Cerebrum

8. Function of Brainstem
Core – regulates internal organs and vital functions
Hypothalamus – basic drives and link between thought and emotion and function of internal organs
Brainstem – processing center for sensory information

9. Function of Cerebellum
Regulates skeletal muscle
Coordination and contraction
Maintains equilibrium

10. Function of Cerebrum Mental activities Conscious sense of being
Emotional status
Memory
Control of skeletal muscles – movement
Language and communication

11. Visualizing the Brain Structured imaging techniques
Computed tomography (CT)
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Functional imaging techniques
Positron emission tomography (PET)
Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)

12. Antianxiety and Hypnotic Drugs
Benzodiazepines
Diazepam (Valium)
Clonazepam (Klonopin)
Alprazolam (Xanax)
Lorazepam (Ativan)

13. Antianxiety and Hypnotic Drugs Continued
Flurazepam (Dalmane)
Temazepam (Restoril)
Triazolam (Halcion)
Estazolam (ProSom)
Quazepam (Doral)

14. Antianxiety and Hypnotic Drugs Continued
Short-Acting Sedative-Hypnotic Sleep Agents (“Z-hypnotics”)
Zolpidem (Ambien)
Zaleplon (Sonata)
Eszopiclone (Lunesta)

15. Antianxiety and Hypnotic Drugs Continued
Melatonin Receptor Agonist
Ramelteon (Rozerem)
Buspirone (BuSpar)

16. Antidepressant Drugs Typical or standard antidepressants
Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs)
Amitriptyline (Elavil)
Imipramine (Tofranil)
Nortriptyline (Pamelor)

17. Antidepressant Drugs Continued
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
Fluoxetine (Prozac)
Sertraline (Zoloft)
Paroxetine (Paxil)
Citalopram (Celexa)
Escitalopram (Lexapro)
Fluvoxamine (Luvox)

18. Antidepressant Drugs Continued
Serotonin-Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors (SNRIs)
Venlafaxine (Effexor)
Duloxetine (Cymbalta)

19. Antidepressant Drugs Continued
Serotonin-Norepinephrine Disinhibitors (SNDIs)
Mirtazapine (Remeron)

20. Antidepressant Drugs Continued
Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)
Phenelzine (Nardil)
Tranylcypromine (Parnate)
Selegiline (ENSAM)

21. Other Antidepressant Drugs
Bupropion (Wellbutrin, Zyban)
Trazodone (Desyrel)

22. Mood Stabilizers Lithium Anticonvulsant drugs
Valproate (Depakote, Depakene)
Carbamazepine (Tegretol)
Lamotrigine (Lamictal)
Gabapentin (Neurontin)
Topiramate (Topamax)
Oxcarbazepine (Trileptal)

23. Antipsychotic Drugs
First-Generation or Conventional Antipsychotic Drugs
Strong antagonists (blocking agents)
Bind to D2 receptors
Block attachment of dopamine
Reduce dopaminergic transmission

24. First-Generation or Conventional Antipsychotic Drugs Continued
Antagonists of receptors for
Acetylcholine
Norepinephrine
Histamine

25. Atypical Antipsychotics (Second-Generation)
Bind to dopamine receptors in the limbic system
Preferentially over dopamine receptors in neostriatal areas of basal ganglia
Decrease motor side effects

26. Atypical Antipsychotics Continued
Clozapine (Clozaril)
Risperidone (Risperdal)
Olanzapine (Zyprexa)
Ziprasidone (Geodon)
Aripiprazole (Abilify)
Paliperidone (Invega)

27. Other Drugs For Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
Methylphenidate (Ritalin)
Dextroamphetamine (Adderall)
Atomoxetine hydrochloride (Strattera)

28. Other Drugs Continued For Alzheimer's Disease Tacrine (Cognex)
Donepezil (Aricept)
Galantamaine (Razadyne)
Revastigmine (Exelon)
Memantine (Namenda)

29. Herbal Medicine Major concerns Potential long-term effects
Nerve damage
Kidney damage
Liver damage
Possibility of adverse chemical reactions
With other substances
With conventional medications

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