1. Chapter 3
Biological Basis for Understanding Psychiatric Disorders and Treatments
Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

2. Function and Activities of the Brain
Maintenance of homeostasis
Regulation of autonomic nervous system (ANS) and hormones
Control of biological drives and behavior
Cycle of sleep and wakefulness
Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

3. Function of the Brain (Cont.)
Circadian rhythms
Conscious mental activity
Memory
Social skills
Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

4. Cellular Composition of the Brain
Neurons
Respond to stimuli
Conduct electrical impulses
Release chemicals
Neurotransmitters
Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

5. Cellular Composition of the Brain (cont’d)
Presynaptic neuron synapse
postsynaptic neuron
Transmitter destruction
Enzymes
Reuptake
Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

6. Neuronal Action
Neurons can release more than one chemical at the same time
Neuropeptides
Long-term changes in cells
Neurotrophic factors
Proteins
Gases
Effect of steroid hormones
Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

7. Organization of the Brain
Brainstem
Cerebellum
Cerebrum
Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

8. Function of Brainstem
Core – Regulates internal organs and vital functions
Hypothalamus – Basic drives and link between thought and emotion and function of internal organs
Brainstem – Processing center for sensory information
Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

9. Function of Cerebellum
Regulates skeletal muscle
Coordination and contraction
Maintains equilibrium
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10. Function of Cerebrum Mental activities Conscious sense of being
Emotional status
Memory
Control of skeletal muscles – movement
Language and communication
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11. Visualizing the Brain Structured imaging techniques
Computed tomography (CT)
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Functional imaging techniques
Positron emission tomography (PET)
Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)
Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

12. Disturbances of Mental Function
Environment
Genes
Altered neurons
Norepinephrine
Serotonin
Dopamine
Glutamate
γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)
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13. Mechanisms of Action of Psychotropic Drugs
Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

14. Antianxiety and Hypnotic Drugs
Benzodiazepines
Diazepam (Valium)
Clonazepam (Klonopin)
Alprazolam (Xanax)
Lorazepam (Ativan)
Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

15. Antianxiety and Hypnotic Drugs (Cont.)
Flurazepam (Dalmane)
Temazepam (Restoril)
Triazolam (Halcion)
Estazolam (ProSom)
Quazepam (Doral)
Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

16. Antianxiety and Hypnotic Drugs (Cont.)
Short-acting sedative-hypnotic sleep agents (“Z-hypnotics”)
Zolpidem (Ambien)
Zaleplon (Sonata)
Eszopiclone (Lunesta)
Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

17. Antianxiety and Hypnotic Drugs (Cont.)
Melatonin receptor agonists
Ramelteon (Rozerem)
Doxepin (Silenor)
Buspirone (BuSpar)
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18. Antidepressant Drugs Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs)
Nortriptyline (Pamelor)
Amitriptyline (Elavil)
Imipramine (Tofranil)
Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

19. Antidepressant Drugs (Cont.)
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
Fluoxetine (Prozac)
Sertraline (Zoloft)
Paroxetine (Paxil)
Citalopram (Celexa)
Escitalopram (Lexapro)
Fluvoxamine (Luvox)
Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

20. Antidepressant Drugs (Cont.)
Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs)
Venlafaxine (Effexor)
Desvenlafaxine (Pristiq)
Duloxetine (Cymbalta)
Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

21. Antidepressant Drugs (Cont.)
Serotonin-norepinephrine disinhibitors (SNDIs)
Mirtazapine (Remeron)
Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

22. Antidepressant Drugs (Cont.)
Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)
Isocarboxazid (Marplan)
Phenelzine (Nardil)
Selegiline (EMSAM)
Tranylcypromine (Parnate)
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23. Other Antidepressant Drugs
Bupropion (Wellbutrin, Zyban)
Vilazodone (Viibryd)
Trazodone (Oleptro)
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24. Mood Stabilizers Lithium Anticonvulsant drugs
Valproate (Depakote, Depakene)
Carbamazepine (Tegretol)
Lamotrigine (Lamictal)
Gabapentin (Neurontin)
Topiramate (Topamax)
Oxcarbazepine (Trileptal)
Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

25. Antipsychotic Drugs
First-generation, conventional, typical of standard antipsychotic drugs
Strong antagonists (blocking agents)
Bind to D2 receptors
Block attachment of dopamine
Reduce dopaminergic transmission
Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

26. First-Generation (Conventional) Antipsychotic Drugs (Cont.)
Antagonists of receptors for
Acetylcholine
Norepinephrine
Histamine
Significant side effects
Weight gain
Sedation
Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

27. Second-Generation (Atypical) Antipsychotic Drugs (Cont.)
Produce fewer extrapyramidal side effects (EPS)
Target both the negative and positive symptoms
Often chosen as first-line treatment
Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

28. Second-Generation (Atypical) Antipsychotic Drugs (Cont.)
Dopamine and serotonin blockers
Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

29. Second-Generation (Atypical) Antipsychotic Drugs (Cont.)
Clozapine (Clozaril)
Risperidone (Risperdal)
Quetiapine (Seroquel)
Olanzapine (Zyprexa, Zyprexa Relprevv)
Ziprasidone (Geodon)
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30. Second-Generation (Atypical) Antipsychotic Drugs (Cont.)
Paliperidone (Invega)
Iloperidone (Fanapt)
Lurasidone (Latuda)
Asenapine (Saphris)
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31. Third-Generation Antipsychotic Drug
Aripiprazole (Abilify)
Dopamine stabilizer
Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

32. Other Drugs For attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
Methylphenidate (Ritalin, also Daytrana, a transdermal system)
Dextroamphetamine (Adderall, Vyvanse)
Atomoxetine (Strattera)
Intuniv (guanfacine)
Kapvay (clonidine)
Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

33. Other Drugs (Cont.) For Alzheimer's disease Tacrine (Cognex)
Donepezil (Aricept)
Galantamaine (Razadyne)
Revastigmine (Exelon)
Memantine (Namenda, Namenda XR)
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34. Herbal Medicine Major concerns Potential long-term effects
Nerve damage
Kidney damage
Liver damage
Possibility of adverse chemical reactions
With other substances
With conventional medications
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35. Audience Response Questions
If a person has decreased circulating levels of GABA, which health problem would be expected?
Alzheimer’s disease
Parkinson’s disease
Anxiety disorders
Insomnia
ANS: C
The neurotransmitter γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) seems to play a role in modulating neuronal excitability and anxiety. Decreased levels are associated with anxiety.
REF: 41-42
Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

36. Audience Response Questions
Which neuroimaging technique would reveal problems in the anatomical structure of the brain but not problems in function? CT
PET
SPECT
ANS: A
Structural imaging techniques (e.g., computed tomography [CT] and magnetic resonance imaging [MRI]) provide overall images of the brain and the layers of the brain. Functional imaging techniques (e.g., positron emission tomography [PET] and single photon emission computed tomography [SPECT]) reveal physiological activity in the brain. Invite students to identify the full meaning of each abbreviation.
REF: 46-47
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