1. Unit 2: language dispersal theories

2. Indo-European source theories
Research of the Indo-European language has produced several theories about its source and diffusion: Conquest Theory: Indo European language began somewhere in the steppes of Ukraine & Russia and was spread by conquerors on horseback who moved westward

3. Indo-European source theories
Agriculture Theory: Indo European language began somewhere in the mountainous, well watered area of Anatolia (modern day Turkey) and moved with agriculture
for every generation, or 25 years, the agricultural frontier spread approximately 11 miles

4. Indo-European source theories
Dispersal Theory:
Indo-European language began somewhere in the Caucasus mountain region and dispersed eastward into present-day Iran and then westward around the Caspian Sea and into Europe

5. Renfrew Model
British scholar Colin Renfrew proposed that there were actually 3 agricultural hearths:
Anatolia: Europe’s Indo-European languages
Fertile Crescent (western arc): North Africa and Arabia
Fertile Crescent (eastern arc): SW Asia and South Asia

6. Unit 2: environmental determinism and possibilism

7. culture and the environment
2 theories:
environmental determinism: cultural traits are formed and controlled by environmental conditions
i.e. certain climates are more suited to progress and productiveness in culture (politics, technology)
possibilism: the environment only limits the range of choices to a culture
i.e. people ultimately control and deal with various environmental factors

8. Unit 3: The Demographic Transition Model

9. Demographic Transition Model
Warren Thompson (1929)
CORRELATION between industrialization & population
as a country DEVELOPS…the population STABILIZES

10. The Demographic Transition Model
Demographic Transition: 1929 Warren Thompson
as a country DEVELOPS…the population STABILIZES
Stage 1- High Stationary: high birth & high death rates
Stage 2- Early Expanding: high birth & declining death rates
Stage 3- Late Expanding: declining birth & low death rates
Stage 4- Low Stationary: low birth & low death rates
original model had 4 stages-a hypothetical stage has been added
Stage 5- Declining: sub replacement level (lower than 2.1 TFR)

11. Demographic Transition Model
as a country industrializes the population stabilizes
PRE-INDUSTRIAL INDUSTRIALIZING INDUSTRIAL/POST-INDUSTRIAL
Amazon Basin, Kenya, Brazil, U.K., Japan, Italy,
un-contacted tribes Afghanistan China U.S Germany

12. Stage 1 - High Stationary Stage 3 - Late Expanding
Typical of least developed countries
Amazon Basin, un-contacted tribes
Birth Rate and Death rate are both high.
Population growth is slow and fluctuating
Birth Rate is high as a result of:
Lack of family planning
High Infant Mortality Rate
Need for workers in agriculture (children: economic assets)
Death Rate is high because of:
High levels of disease
Famine
Lack of clean water and sanitation
Lack of health care
War
Lack of education
Stage 3 - Late Expanding
Typical of developing countries
China, Brazil
Birth Rate starts to fall-Death rate continues to fall Population rising
Family planning available
Lower Infant Mortality Rate
Increased mechanization reduces need for workers
Increased standard of living
Changing status of women
Stage 4 - Low Stationary
Typical of developed countries
USA, Sweden, Britain
Birth Rate and Death Rate both low.
Population steady
Stage 2 - Early Expanding
Typical of developing countries
Tanzania, Zambia, Afghanistan
Birth Rate remains high-Death Rate is falling
Population begins to rise steadily.
Death Rate is falling as a result of:
Improved health care (e.g. Smallpox Vaccine)
Improved Hygiene (Water for drinking boiled)
Improved sanitation
Improved food production and storage
Improved transport for food
Decreased Infant Mortality Rates
Stage 5 - Declining
Typical of developed countries
Japan, Germany, Italy
Birth Rate and Death Rate both low
Population declining

13. Unit 3: “Laws” of Migration

14. theories about migration
Ernst Ravenstein (1885): proposed “laws” of migration:
every migration flow generates a return migration flow so NET migration is the difference between the two
the majority of migrants move a short distance
migrants who move longer distances tend to choose big-city destinations
urban residents are less migratory than those in rural areas
families are less likely to make international moves than young adults

15. theories about migration
The Gravity Model: a measure of the interaction of places
used to predict the movement of people
migration is inversely related to the distance traveled
migration is directly proportional to population

16. unit 3 & unit 5: Malthus and Boserup

17. early warnings (1798) Thomas Malthus (1798): Neo-Malthusians:
published an essay theorizing that the world’s population was increasing faster than the food supplies needed to sustain it
Malthus stated that:
-population grows exponentially
-agriculture grows at an arithmetic or linear rate
Malthus could not have foreseen the improvements that industrialization would make OR the changes made in food production (GMOs, fertilizers)
Neo-Malthusians:
believe in “zero-population growth” (ZPG) and argue that strict population controls need to be placed on countries with high fertility rates

18. counter argument Ester Boserup (1965): Cornucopians:
theorized that people will find a way to increase food production during times of pressure (increasing workforce, machinery, fertilizers)
agriculture methods depend on the size of the population
“power of ingenuity would always outmatch that of demand”
Cornucopians:
increasing populations stimulate rather than hinder economic development
increasing populations increase opportunities for innovation (more people = more brain power)

19. Unit 4 and unit 7: core-semi periphery-periphery (Wallerstein)

20. World System Theory (Wallerstein)
Core-Periphery Model
World System Theory (Wallerstein) 20

21. Core-Periphery Model World System Theory (Wallerstein)
countries with higher levels of education, higher salaries, and more technology
* generate more wealth and are dominant players in the world economy
Periphery
countries with lower levels of education, lower salaries, and less technology
* generate less wealth in the world economy
Semi-periphery
places where core and periphery processes are both occurring.
places that are dominated by the core but exert more power periphery.
* serves as a buffer between core and periphery 21

22. core-semi periphery-periphery
core: generates more wealth in the world economy
high levels of development
capacity for innovation and more technology
level of dominance over periphery: reflected in trade
higher levels of education and higher salaries
semi-periphery:
core and periphery processes are both occurring
exploited by the core but then exploit the periphery
periphery: generates less wealth in the world economy
lower levels of education
lower salaries and less technology

23. Core-Periphery Model
World Systems Analysis : Immanuel Wallerstein (1930-)
rejected the notion of a Third World
there is one world connected by a complex network of
economic exchange
three basic tiers: core/periphery/semi-periphery
tiers are not static & countries may move
a group of countries has dominated the core for much of
the last century
economic and political power is distributed between dominant core regions and more marginal or dependent semi-peripheral and peripheral regions.

24. World System Theory (Wallerstein)
Core-Periphery Model
World System Theory (Wallerstein) 24

25. Unit 4: geopolitics

26. classical geopolitics: German school of thought
Organic Theory: Friedrich Ratzel ( )
influenced by Charles Darwin
the state resembles a biological organism
goes through stages: birth-maturity-decline-death
to prolong its existence: needs nourishment
state needs to acquire less powerful territories
used by Germans to support expansion and acquire the territory of less populated countries
Hitler declared that Germany was overcrowded and needed more lebensraum, or living space (Germany had lost land after WWI)

27. classical geopolitics:
British/American school of thought
The Heartland Theory: Sir Halford Mackinder ( )
many contemporaries THOUGHT a sea power was the key to world domination as it led to colonies and trade
according to Mackinder, the base for world conquest would be Eurasia, the largest and most populous landmass on Earth, as it was a resource-rich “pivot area” and virtually impregnable
after WWII, NATO was formed
by U.S., Canada and Western Europe
to contain the expansion of
Soviet Union

28. geopolitics: British/American view
The Rimland Theory: Nicholas Spykman (1944)
the Eurasian rim: the key to global power
abundant resources, dense populations, access to seas and interior
China???

29. critical geopolitics:
CURRENTLY: focus is how “we” construct ideas about place and how those ideas shape foreign policy the world becomes divided along ideological fault lines
“us”
“us”

30. Cold War fear
Domino Theory: belief that countries would fall one by one to communism
-fell to communism: China, Korea, Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia 
-did not fall to communism: Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, Burma & India 

31. Unit 5: Von Thünen’s Location Theory

32. Von Thünen’s Model: 1826
Location Theory: explains where economic activities are located and why
Von Thünen: FIRST effort to analyze the spatial character of economic activity (based on his observations)
what farmers will produce is based on distance from the market (center)
cost of transportation determines use of land
cost of land is also considered 32

33. Von Thünen’s Model: 1826 center: market (black dot)
1st ring: dairy/market farming (veggies) closest to the city for quick transport so as not to spoil
2nd ring: timber for fuel and building materials, fairly close as transport is heavy & difficult
3rd ring: field crops, such as grain, which are lighter than timber for transport
4th ring: ranching, which are self transporting
beyond the fourth ring is unoccupied forest as this is the distance at which farming becomes unprofitable
market 33

34. obsolete model
The Isolated State: Von Thünen’s model was developed in 1826 before industrialization no factories, highways, railroads, and refrigeration
explains the location of commercial agricultural activities without barriers to transportation
assumption of a flat plane (no mountains, rivers)
assumption of uniform soils
globalization renders the model obsolete 34 34

35. Unit 6: Central Place Theory

36. Central Place Theory: Christaller
central place: any settlement that provides the population of the surrounding area with goods and services
centrality: a measure of the importance of a settlement in terms of the goods and services it provides for the hinterland (surrounding region)
Walter Christaller (1933): geographer who studied towns in Germany and noticed that towns of a certain size were roughly equidistant

37. Central Place Theory: Christaller
key concepts:
threshold: minimum market (people)
needed to keep a central place in business
range: the distance people would be willing
to travel to acquire goods and services
low-order goods:
products that are replenished frequently such as food & other routine household items (paper goods, toiletries)
small businesses in small towns can survive because people will buy frequently at the closer locations instead of going into the city
high-order goods:
specialized items such as cars, furniture, fine jewelry, & household appliances that are bought less often and require a larger threshold
often located in cities that serve a surrounding hinterland 37

38. Central Place Theory: Christaller
-explains the location, size and number of settlements in an urban system
-settlements simply function to provide a set of goods and services to their hinterland
-bigger centers serve a large market area, providing more specialty
C = city
T = town
V = village
H = hamlet

39. Hexagonal Hinterlands
-each central place has an exclusive surrounding hinterland with a monopoly
-a circular shape of the market areas results in either un-served areas or over-served areas
-hexagon shape fills an area without overlap
Central Place Theory assumptions :
-flat area, no barriers
-even distribution of population
-even distribution of resources
-uniform transportation network
-similar purchasing power of all consumers
-consumers will patronize nearest market 39