1. Chapter 10 Emotional and Social Development in Middle Childhood
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

2. Erikson’s Theory: Industry vs. Inferiority
Developing a sense of competence at useful skills and tasks
School provides many opportunities
Inferiority
Pessimism and lack of confidence in own ability to do things well
Negative responses from family, teachers, and peers can contribute to negative feelings
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

3. Changes in Self-Concept During Middle Childhood
More balanced, fewer all-or-none descriptions
Social comparisons
Real vs. ideal self
References social groups
Cultural variations
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
© Monkey Business Images/Shutterstock
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

4. Hierarchical Structure of Self-Esteem in Middle Childhood
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
Figure Hierarchical structure of self-esteem in the mid-elementary school years
Figure 10.1
(Photos from left to right: © Mary Kate Denny/PhotoEdit; © Tom Pannell/Corbis; © Mitch Wojnarowicz/The Image Works; Radius Images/Photolibrary)
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

5. Influences on Self-Esteem
Culture
Child-rearing practices
Attributions:
mastery-oriented
learned helplessness
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
© Monkey Business Images/Shutterstock
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

6. Role of Parenting in Self-Esteem
Authoritative style is best
Risks of controlling parenting: low self-esteem, aggression, and antisocial behavior
Risks of indulgent parenting: unrealistically high self-esteem, lashing out at challenges to overblown self-images
Encourage worthwhile goal-setting to boost self-esteem
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

7. Achievement-Related Attributions
Reason for Success
Reason for Failure
Mastery-oriented
Ability
Controllable factors that can be overcome by effort
Learned helplessness
External factors
Ability, which cannot be changed by effort
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

8. Influences on Learned-Helpless Attributions
Parents
believe child incapable
make trait statements
Gender differences
SES, ethnic differences
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
© tmcphotos/Shutterstock
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

9. Emotional Development in Middle Childhood
Self-conscious emotions: governed by personal responsibility
Emotional understanding:
explains emotion using internal states
understands mixed emotions
empathy increases
Emotional self-regulation:
motivated by self-esteem and peer approval
emotional self-efficacy
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

10. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
Coping Strategies
Problem-Centered Coping
Appraise situation as changeable
Identify difficulty
Decide what to do
Emotion-Centered Coping
Use when problem- centered coping does not work
Internal, private, and aimed at controlling distress when little can be done about outcome
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

11. Changes in Moral Understanding
Flexible moral rules:
lying not always bad/truthfulness not always good
considers prosocial and antisocial intentions
Clarifies link between moral imperatives and social conventions:
considers people’s intentions and the contexts of their actions
Cultural similarities/differences
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

12. Understanding Individual Rights
Challenges adult authority within personal domain
Views denials of personal choice as wrong
Places limits on personal choice, typically deciding in favor of kindness and fairness
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
© Monkey Business Images/Shutterstock
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

13. Understanding Diversity and Inequality
By the early school years
associates power, privilege with white people
assigns stereotyped traits to minorities
With age, overt prejudice declines:
focuses on inner traits
subtle prejudice may persist
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
© Notte Lourens/Shutterstock
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

14. Individual Factors Contributing to Prejudice
Fixed view of personality traits
Overly high self-esteem
Social world in which people are sorted into groups
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
© Monkey Business Images/Shutterstock
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

15. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
Reducing Prejudice
Long-term intergroup contact:
neighborhoods
schools
communities
Fostering belief in changeability of human traits
Volunteering
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
© Monkey Business Images/Shutterstock
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

16. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
Peer Groups
Organize on basis of proximity, similarity
Peer culture:
vocabulary, dress code, gathering place
can involve relational aggression and exclusion
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
© Blend Images/Shutterstock
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

17. Friendship in Middle Childhood
Personal qualities, trust become important
More selective in choosing friends:
tends to select friends similar to self
Friendships fairly stable, can last several years
Type of friends affects development:
aggressive friends often magnify antisocial acts
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

18. Categories of Peer Acceptance
Popular
popular-prosocial
popular-antisocial
Rejected
rejected-aggressive
rejected-withdrawn
Controversial
Neglected
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

19. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
Bullies and Victims
Bullies
Most are boys
Physically, verbally, relationally aggressive
Socially prominent, powerful
Victims
Passive when active behavior expected
Lack defenders
Inhibited temperament
Physically frail
Overly protective, controlling parents
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

20. Helping Rejected Children
Coach positive social skills.
Promote perspective taking and social problem solving.
Alter peers’ negative opinions.
Intervene in negative parenting practices.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
© Dawn Shearer-Simonetti/Shutterstock
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

21. Gender Typing in Middle Childhood
Gender stereotypes:
extended to include personalities and school subjects
more flexible views of what males and females can do
Gender identity (third–sixth grade):
boys’ “masculine” identification strengthens
girls become more androgynous
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

22. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
Gender Identity
Self-evaluations affect adjustment:
gender typicality
gender contentedness
felt pressure to conform to gender roles
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
© Elaine Willcock/Shutterstock
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

23. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
Family Relationships
Parents:
coregulation
Siblings:
rivalry
companionship and assistance
parental encouragement of warm sibling ties is vital
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
© Andresr/Shutterstock
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

24. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
Only Children
High in self-esteem, achievement motivation
Closer relationships with parents:
greater pressure for mastery
Peer acceptance tends to be less favorable:
lack of practice in conflict resolution
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
© tokyoimagegroups/Shutterstock
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

25. International Divorce Rates
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
Figure Divorce rates in 12 industrialized nations
Figure 10.2 (Adapted from U.S. Census Bureau, 2012b.)
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

26. Consequences of Parental Divorce
Immediate
Drop in income
Parental stress, disorganized home life
Child reactions vary with age, sex, temperament
Long-Term
Improved adjustment after two years
Multiple divorces associated with greater adjustment difficulties
Father’s involvement and effective coparenting improve adjustment
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

27. Helping Families Through Divorce
Shield children from conflict.
Provide continuity in daily life.
Explain the divorce.
Emphasize permanence of situation.
Sympathize with children’s feelings.
Use authoritative parenting.
Promote relationship with both parents.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
© Monkey Business Images/Shutterstock
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

28. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
Blended Families
Mother–Stepfather
Most common
Boys tend to adjust quickly
Girls often adapt less favorably
Older children and adolescents of both sexes display more adjustment problems
Father–Stepmother
Often leads to reduced father–child contact
Children in father custody often react negatively
Girls and stepmothers slow to get along at first, gradually adapt favorably
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

29. Maternal Employment and Child Development
Benefits:
higher self-esteem
positive family and peer relations
fewer gender stereotypes
better grades
more father involvement
Drawbacks:
heavy employment demands associated with ineffective parenting
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
© c12/Shutterstock
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

30. Fears and Anxieties in Middle Childhood
Common fears include
poor academic performance
peer rejection
personal harm
threats to parents’ health
frightening media events
School phobia:
5–7 years: maternal separation
11–13: particular aspects of school
Harsh living conditions promote severe anxieties
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

31. Ethnic and Political Violence
Chronically dangerous environments:
loss of sense of safety
desensitization to violence
impaired moral reasoning
pessimistic view of future
Parents, communities, schools must provide reassurance, security, intervention:
preserve physical, psychological, educational well-being
© ZouZou/Shutterstock
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

32. Prevention and treatment
Child Sexual Abuse
Characteristics
of victims
More often girls
Most cases reported in middle childhood
of abusers
Usually male
Usually a parent or known by parent
Internet and mobile phones used to commit abuse
Consequences
Emotional, physical, and behavioral reactions
May persist for years
Prevention and treatment
Prevention: education
Treatment: long-term therapy
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

33. Factors Related to Resilience
Personal characteristics:
easy temperament
mastery orientation
Warm parental relationship
Supportive adult outside family
Community resources
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
© Sascha Burkard/Shutterstock
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

34. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
Readers may view, browse, and/or download material for temporary copying purposes only, provided these uses are for noncommercial personal purposes. Except as provided by law, this material may not be further reproduced, distributed, transmitted, modified, adapted, performed, displayed, published, or sold in whole or in part, without prior written permission from the publisher.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.