Presentation is loading. Please wait.

Presentation is loading. Please wait.

Unit 3: THE GEOSPHERE: minerals and rocks

Similar presentations


Presentation on theme: "Unit 3: THE GEOSPHERE: minerals and rocks"— Presentation transcript:

1 Unit 3: THE GEOSPHERE: minerals and rocks
1. The geosphere 2. Minerals 3. Minerals and their properties 4. Rocks 5. Igneous and metamorphic rocks

2 The solid part of the Earth Its temperature increases with depht
1. THE GEOSPHERE The solid part of the Earth Its temperature increases with depht (3ºC / 100m)

3

4 TYPES OF CRUST América – Atlantic Ocean – Europe

5

6 THE OCEANIC CRUST América – Atlantic Ocean – Europe

7 2. MINERALS

8 3. MINERALS AND THEIR PROPERTIES
Density Cleavages (exfoliación) Fracture Lustre (brillo) Colour Streak (raya) Hardness (dureza)

9 Relationship between the mass and the volume of a mineral
Density Relationship between the mass and the volume of a mineral LIGHT NORMAL HEAVY Sulfur (Azufre) (2 g/cm3) Galena (Galena) (7 g/cm3) Mercury (Mercurio) (13,5 g/cm3) Gold (Oro) (19 g/cm3)

10 When a mineral breaks into smooth, flat-sided fragments
Cleavage (exfoliación) When a mineral breaks into smooth, flat-sided fragments (Un mineral tiene exfoliación cuando al golpearlo y romperlo presenta caras planas) IN SHEETS (en láminas) White mica (Moscovita o mica blanca) Black mica (Biotita o mica negra) Gypsum (Yeso)

11 Cleavage (exfoliación)
IN CUBES (en cubos) Galena (Galena) Halite (Halita o sal común) Sylvite (Silvina)

12 Cleavage (exfoliación)
IN RHOMBOHEDRON (en romboedros) Calcite (Calcita)

13 When minerals break into irregular pieces
Fracture When minerals break into irregular pieces (Cuando un mineral no se exfolia, se rompe en fragmentos irregulares) CONCHOID FIBRILLAR (Concoide) (Fibrilar o astillosa) Silex (Silex) Asbestos (Asbesto)

14 Lustre (Brillo) How the surface of the mineral appears when it reflects light (Aspecto que presenta la superficie de un mineral cuando refleja la luz) METALLIC VITREOUS OR GLASSY GREASY Pyrite (Pirita) Gold (Oro) Talc (Talco) Olivine (Olivino)

15 Colour Sulfur Malachite Olivine Graphite Azurite (Azufre) (Malaquita)
(Olivino) Graphite (Grafito) Azurite (Azurita)

16 The colour of the mineral in powder form
Streak (Raya) The colour of the mineral in powder form (El color del mineral pulverizado. Más característico y constante que el color del mineral por lo que se utiliza para su identificación) WHITE BROWN OR BLACK Pyrite (Pirita) Gypsum (Yeso)

17 HARDENESS (Dureza) Resistance that the material has to being scratched
(Resistencia que opone un mineral a ser rayado) IT IS MEASURED USING THE MOHS SCALE Each mineral on the scale is able to scratch the one below it on the numerical scale and can be scratched by the one above it.

18 4. ROCKS Rocks is a natural material that consists of minerals
Types or groups of rocks SEDIMENTARY IGNEOUS OR MAGMATIC METAMORPHIC

19 Types of sedimentary rocks
Are formed from fragments of other rocks or the remains of living things or dissolved substances that precipitate Types of sedimentary rocks Detrical Saline Limestone Consist of calcite Fragments of other rocks Dissolved substances that precipitate when water is evaporated Remains of living things or chemical processes

20 Detrical sedimentary rocks
Are formed from fragments of other rocks. There are three types according to the size of their grains Conglomerate (grains over 2 mm in diameter) Sandstones (grains of between 2 mm and 1/16 mm) Clays (grains of less than 1/16 mm)

21 How are detrical sedimentary rocks formed?

22 Saline sedimentary rocks
Are formed when salts dissolved in water precipitate because the water evaporates. Gypsum Halite

23 Limestone sedimentary rocks Stalactites and stalagmites
Are formed from the remains of living things or through chemical processes (when calcite dissolved in water precipitates) Stalactites and stalagmites Limestones

24 Fossil fuels Are formed from plant (coal) and animal remains (plankton: oil and natural gas) Coal Oil Natural gas

25 Do most rocks consist of one or more minerals?
Most rocks consist of many minerals but other, such as quartzite, only have one minerals (calcite).

26 How many types of rocks are there?
There are three types of rocks: Sedimentary, Igneous or Magmatic and Metamorphic.

27 How many types of sedimentary rocks are there?
There are three types of sedimentary rocks: Detrital rocks, Saline rocks and Limestone rocks. There are also another type, FOSSIL FUELS: coal, oil and natural gas.

28 How can the sedimentary rocks be formed?
The sedimentary rocks can be formed from fragments of other rocks or the remais of living things or dissolved substances that precipitate.

29 The three types of detrital rocks differ in the size of their grains.
How do the grains differ between conglomarates, sandstones and clays? The three types of detrital rocks differ in the size of their grains.

30 Saline and limestone rocks. Limestone rocks and fossil fuels.
What types of sedimentary rocks can be formed from dissolved substances that precipitate? And from the remains of living things? Indicate some examples Saline and limestone rocks. Examples: halite, gypsum, stalactites and stalagmites Limestone rocks and fossil fuels. Examples: limestones and coal.

31 What is the main difference between a stalactite and a stalagmite?
A stalactite hangs from the ceiling of a cave and a stalagmite rises from the floor of a cave.

32 5. IGNEOUS AND METAMORPHIC ROCKS Igneous or Magmatic rocks
Molten material from the Earth’s interior. It is a mixture of gases and minerals in a liquid state. COOLS Igneous or Magmatic rocks (depending on where magma or lava cools) TWO TYPES PLUTONIC rocks Deep inside the Earth VOLCANIC rocks On the Earth’s surface

33 Differences between plutonic and volcanic rocks
PLUTONIC rocks VOLCANIC rocks Are formed when magma cools in the deep inside the Earth Cooling very slowly Many crystals with similar sizes Are formed when lava from volcanoes solidifies on the Earth’s surface Cooling very quickly Few crystals Examples: pumice, andesite and basalt Examples: granite syenite and gabbro

34 (most common in continental crust)
PLUTONIC rocks Granite (most common in continental crust) Syenite Gabbro

35 (most common in oceanic crust)
VOLCANIC rocks Pumice Andesite Basalt (most common in oceanic crust)

36 High pressure and/or high temperature
METAMORPHIC ROCKS Igneous and sedimentary rocks of the deep inside the Earth High pressure and/or high temperature Metamorphic rocks In solid state Examples: slate, marble and gneis. Clay SLATE Parallel planes: FOLIATION (caused by pressure) Granite GNEIS Limestone MARBLE


Download ppt "Unit 3: THE GEOSPHERE: minerals and rocks"

Similar presentations


Ads by Google