1. Unit 3: THE GEOSPHERE: minerals and rocks
1. The geosphere 2. Minerals 3. Minerals and their properties 4. Rocks 5. Igneous and metamorphic rocks

2. The solid part of the Earth Its temperature increases with depht
1. THE GEOSPHERE
The solid part of the Earth
Its temperature increases with depht
(3ºC / 100m)

4. TYPES OF CRUST América – Atlantic Ocean – Europe

6. THE OCEANIC CRUST América – Atlantic Ocean – Europe

7. 2. MINERALS

8. 3. MINERALS AND THEIR PROPERTIES
Density
Cleavages (exfoliación)
Fracture
Lustre (brillo)
Colour
Streak (raya)
Hardness (dureza)

9. Relationship between the mass and the volume of a mineral
Density
Relationship between the mass and the volume of a mineral
LIGHT NORMAL HEAVY
Sulfur
(Azufre)
(2 g/cm3)
Galena
(Galena)
(7 g/cm3)
Mercury
(Mercurio)
(13,5 g/cm3)
Gold
(Oro)
(19 g/cm3)

10. When a mineral breaks into smooth, flat-sided fragments
Cleavage (exfoliación)
When a mineral breaks into smooth, flat-sided fragments
(Un mineral tiene exfoliación cuando al golpearlo y romperlo presenta caras planas)
IN SHEETS
(en láminas)
White mica
(Moscovita o mica blanca)
Black mica
(Biotita o mica negra)
Gypsum
(Yeso)

11. Cleavage (exfoliación)
IN CUBES
(en cubos)
Galena
(Galena)
Halite
(Halita o sal común)
Sylvite
(Silvina)

12. Cleavage (exfoliación)
IN RHOMBOHEDRON
(en romboedros)
Calcite
(Calcita)

13. When minerals break into irregular pieces
Fracture
When minerals break into irregular pieces
(Cuando un mineral no se exfolia, se rompe en fragmentos irregulares)
CONCHOID FIBRILLAR
(Concoide) (Fibrilar o astillosa)
Silex
(Silex)
Asbestos
(Asbesto)

14. Lustre (Brillo)
How the surface of the mineral appears when it reflects light
(Aspecto que presenta la superficie de un mineral cuando refleja la luz)
METALLIC VITREOUS OR GLASSY GREASY
Pyrite
(Pirita)
Gold
(Oro)
Talc
(Talco)
Olivine
(Olivino)

15. Colour Sulfur Malachite Olivine Graphite Azurite (Azufre) (Malaquita)
(Olivino)
Graphite
(Grafito)
Azurite
(Azurita)

16. The colour of the mineral in powder form
Streak (Raya)
The colour of the mineral in powder form
(El color del mineral pulverizado. Más característico y constante que el color del mineral por lo que se utiliza para su identificación)
WHITE BROWN OR BLACK
Pyrite
(Pirita)
Gypsum
(Yeso)

17. HARDENESS (Dureza) Resistance that the material has to being scratched
(Resistencia que opone un mineral a ser rayado)
IT IS MEASURED USING THE MOHS SCALE
Each mineral on the scale is able to scratch the one below it on the numerical scale and can be scratched by the one above it.

18. 4. ROCKS Rocks is a natural material that consists of minerals
Types or groups of rocks
SEDIMENTARY
IGNEOUS OR MAGMATIC
METAMORPHIC

19. Types of sedimentary rocks
Are formed from fragments of other rocks or the remains of living things or dissolved substances that precipitate
Types of sedimentary rocks
Detrical
Saline
Limestone
Consist of calcite
Fragments of other rocks
Dissolved substances that precipitate when water is evaporated
Remains of living things or chemical processes

20. Detrical sedimentary rocks
Are formed from fragments of other rocks.
There are three types according to the size of their grains
Conglomerate
(grains over 2 mm in diameter)
Sandstones
(grains of between
2 mm and 1/16 mm)
Clays
(grains of less than 1/16 mm)

21. How are detrical sedimentary rocks formed?

22. Saline sedimentary rocks
Are formed when salts dissolved in water precipitate because the water evaporates.
Gypsum
Halite

23. Limestone sedimentary rocks Stalactites and stalagmites
Are formed from the remains of living things or through chemical processes (when calcite dissolved in water precipitates)
Stalactites and stalagmites
Limestones

24. Fossil fuels
Are formed from plant (coal) and animal remains (plankton: oil and natural gas)
Coal
Oil
Natural gas

25. Do most rocks consist of one or more minerals?
Most rocks consist of many minerals but other, such as quartzite, only have one minerals (calcite).

26. How many types of rocks are there?
There are three types of rocks: Sedimentary, Igneous or Magmatic and Metamorphic.

27. How many types of sedimentary rocks are there?
There are three types of sedimentary rocks: Detrital rocks, Saline rocks and Limestone rocks.
There are also another type, FOSSIL FUELS: coal, oil and natural gas.

28. How can the sedimentary rocks be formed?
The sedimentary rocks can be formed from fragments of other rocks or the remais of living things or dissolved substances that precipitate.

29. The three types of detrital rocks differ in the size of their grains.
How do the grains differ between conglomarates, sandstones and clays?
The three types of detrital rocks differ in the size of their grains.

30. Saline and limestone rocks. Limestone rocks and fossil fuels.
What types of sedimentary rocks can be formed from dissolved substances that precipitate? And from the remains of living things? Indicate some examples
Saline and limestone rocks.
Examples: halite, gypsum, stalactites and stalagmites
Limestone rocks and fossil fuels.
Examples: limestones and coal.

31. What is the main difference between a stalactite and a stalagmite?
A stalactite hangs from the ceiling of a cave and a stalagmite rises from the floor of a cave.

32. 5. IGNEOUS AND METAMORPHIC ROCKS Igneous or Magmatic rocks
Molten material from the Earth’s interior.
It is a mixture of gases and minerals in a liquid state.
COOLS
Igneous or Magmatic rocks
(depending on where magma or lava cools)
TWO TYPES
PLUTONIC rocks
Deep inside the Earth
VOLCANIC rocks
On the Earth’s surface

33. Differences between plutonic and volcanic rocks
PLUTONIC rocks
VOLCANIC rocks
Are formed when magma cools in the deep inside the Earth
Cooling very slowly
Many crystals with similar sizes
Are formed when lava from volcanoes solidifies on the Earth’s surface
Cooling very quickly
Few crystals
Examples: pumice, andesite and basalt
Examples: granite
syenite and gabbro

34. (most common in continental crust)
PLUTONIC rocks
Granite
(most common in continental crust)
Syenite
Gabbro

35. (most common in oceanic crust)
VOLCANIC rocks
Pumice
Andesite
Basalt
(most common in oceanic crust)

36. High pressure and/or high temperature
METAMORPHIC ROCKS
Igneous and sedimentary rocks of the deep inside the Earth
High pressure and/or high temperature
Metamorphic rocks
In solid state
Examples: slate, marble and gneis.
Clay
SLATE
Parallel planes: FOLIATION (caused by pressure)
Granite
GNEIS
Limestone
MARBLE