1. National seminar on
ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT IN EASTERN INDIA
(STATUS, ISSUES AND CHALLENGES)
UTILIZING GEOINFORMATICS IN MAPPING FOREST TRANSFORMATION IN HAZARIBAGH WILDLIFE SANCTUARY, INDIA
SAURABH KR. GUPTA & A.C.PANDEY
Centre for Land Resource Management CENTRAL UNIVERSITY OF JHARKHAND Brambe , Ranchi

2. INTRODUCTION
Forests represent one of the world’s main valuable common assets and play a key function in maintaining ecological balance.
These resources have been degraded and depleted worldwide, consequently endanger the economy and prosperity of country. Jharkhand has been witnessing migration of wildlife from forest areas for the last few years only because of forest degradation (Jharkhand biodiversity board, 2016)
The forest transformation is the indicator of forest disturbance, existence of flora and fauna and human interferences.

3. INTRODUCTION
Classification based on spectral properties of land features is the important source of information for delineating land cover classes, as spectral reflectance is accepted to be dissimilar with respect to the type of land cover.
DN (Digital Number) of raw satellite images processed and converted into normalized difference index (NDVI) values, the time series analysis of the index shows the state of vegetation, changes due to human interference, natural disturbances and alteration in plant phenology (U.S. Geological Survey, 2015).
Landsat data and its mapping are essential inputs for the process of formulating, implementing, and monitoring policy with the aim of reducing the impact of forest-cover change.

4. STUDY AREA
The study area comprises Hazaribagh Wildlife sanctuary in Hazaribagh District of Jharkhand. It lies between 24°45'22” N to 24°08′20″N and 85° 30'13” E to 85°E of latitude and longitude respectively (figure1). Climate of the area is tropical having hot summer and chilly winters. In summer, greatest temperature rises up to 41 degrees, and low of 19 degrees. In winter, most extreme temperature decreased are 19 degrees and 7 degrees respectively. The sanctuary has Tigers, Sambhar, Deer, Bison and various mammalian faunas. The Cheetah, Kakar, Nilgai, Sambar and Wild Boar are among the most effectively and frequently spotted creatures especially close to the waterholes at the time of the sunset.

5. Methods and Materials
The Landsat data of year 1992, 2005, 2010 and 2014 was used and NDVI was calculated of the month of November
DATE ACQUIRED
TYPE
MONTH
SPATIAL RESOLUTION
SUN ELEVATION
Landsat 5
November
28.5m 43
30 m
44.384
30m
Landsat 8
47.859

6. Methodology

7. NDVI Histogram classification
VDF = Very dense forest
DF = Dense Forest
MDF = Moderately dense Forest
OF = Open Forest
DEF = Degraded Forest
FB = Forest Blank
WB = Water Bodies

8. Forest classification:1992-2014

9. Forest transformation

10. Forest LU/LC transformation and Unchanged area
Area(Km2)
(%)
Unchanged area
Open to forest blank
3.71
1.195
Water bodies
0.015
Open to degraded
39.39
12.7
Forest blank
0.15
0.049
Open to Moderately dense
11.13
3.59
Degraded forest
1.03
0.33
Moderately Dense to degraded
4.61
1.49
Open forest
Moderately Dense to Open
44.83
14.49
Moderately Dense
31.16
10.05
Dense to degraded
1.2
0.39
Dense
3.76
1.21
Dense to open
29.49
9.51
Very Dense
0.001
0.0005
Dense to moderately dense
81.06
26.14
Very Dense to Moderately dense
30.01
9.68
Very dense to dense
11.38
3.67

11. Accuracy assessment Error Matrix Reference Map: 2014
Classified map: 2014
Categories WB FB
DEF OF
MDF DF
VDF
501
9245
14987
14263
119786
157465
Total
29250
Observed Correct
Total observed
Kappa
318228
349066
91%
0.86

12. RELATIONSHIP TO FOREST FRAGMENTATION

13. Conclusion
The results showed that forest are continuously in a changing state.
There was overall decline in very dense and dense forest and forest in year was highly fragmented compare to year 1992.
The forest is under stress due to population pressures, land use and land transformation, illegal acquisition of land for agriculture or settlements, cutting down of trees and also due to climate change.
At present the moderately and open forest are dominant causing increased forest fires.
Wild animals are difficult to sight their or found in very rarely indicated there was decline in wildlife, showing some relation to the denseness of forest, human exposure, ecosystem imbalance and changes in microclimate of the forest.

14. THANK YOU