1. The Reformation

2. Reformation Defined Emphasis on Humanism
Recognition that the Catholic church needed change
Period of change in religious thinking
Protestant separation
Creation of non-Catholic Christian churches

3. Catholic Church in 15th C End of the middle ages
Babylonian captivity/Great Schism
Return to Rome (re-build it)
Schemes to collect money
Payments for ordinances
Alms for the dead
Begging friars
Tithe on land
Bequeathing of property
Corruption
12-year old bishops
Moral decay
Illiterate priests (no teachers)
Money to monks (politicians)

4. Catholic Church in 15th C Wycliffe—England Jan Hus—Bohemia
12 conclusions (reforms)
Translated Bible into English (later version by Tindale)
Jan Hus—Bohemia
Burned at the stake for heresy against the Catholic Church

5. Why the need to reform?
The Protestant Reformation began as an attempt to reform the Catholic Church, because of perceived false teachings and malpractice that some Christians saw as evidence of the corruption of the Church’s hierarchy, which included the Pope.

6. Why the need to reform?
Others sharply criticized the Church for some of its practices. Popes seemed more concerned with luxury and political power than with spiritual matters.

7. Why the need to reform?
Following the years of the black plague in Europe, people became more suspicious of the Church and its power although they never doubted their faith.

8. Why the need to reform?
As a result of the Renaissance, a new perspective on the world, spreading knowledge and education encouraged people to challenge authority, not just accept what was told to them.

9. Why the need to reform? Biblical teachings The sale of indulgences,
The practice of simony,

10. Biblical Teachings
The printing press allowed for the publication of the bible in many vernaculars and for the first time in hundreds of years, average people could read the bible. To their surprise, much of what had always been taught to them was not the truth.

11. What are Indulgences?
An indulgence was a guarantee of forgiveness. By paying money to the Church, people thought they could win salvation.

12. The selling and buying of Church jobs
What is Simony?
The selling and buying of Church jobs

13. Martin Luther Personal commitment Professor of theology and monk
Conflict with personal sinfulness and Indulgences
Posted 95 theses (1517)

14. Martin Luther Debates with Eck Suppression by the Pope
Refusal to submit
Excommunication
Diet of Worms
Martin Luther called to deny or confirm beliefs
Charles V

15. “Unless I am proved wrong by scripture or by evident reason, then I am a prisoner in conscience to the word of God. I cannot retract and I will not retract. To go against the conscience is neither safe nor right. God help me. Amen.”
Martin Luther

16. Martin Luther Published tracts Bible—German
Lutheran Church established

17. In response to his wife’s reproach for being too rude about the Catholic Church, Luther said, “A twig can be cut with a bread knife, but an oak calls for an axe.”
— Luther

18. Martin Luther Religious Implications Political Consequences
Pope did not speak for God
Church and priesthood not necessary for salvation
God’s grace given to all who seek it
Political Consequences
Peasant war
Northern Europe became Protestant

19. Europe after the Reformation

20. Counter Reformation Jesuits Inquisition Council of Trent
started schools across Europe
they sent missionaries to convert people to Catholicism
tried to stop the spread of Protestantism
Inquisition
Council of Trent

21. Zwingli (Zurich)
Changed the mass
Died in battle
Anabaptists

22. Calvin (Geneva) Convert to Luther’s ideas
Geneva looking for a Protestant leader
Calvin established church/state government
Moved away from Luther
Teachings led to movements in other countries
Predestination
Protestant ethic

23. France Francis I Henry II St Bartholomew's Day Massacre
Catherine d’Medici
3 sons: Francis II, Charles IX, Henry III
St Bartholomew's Day Massacre
End of Valois dynasty
Henry of Navarre
Bourbon dynasty
Edict of Nantes (toleration)

24. England
Henry VIII
Originally Catholic and married to Catherine of Aragon
Dissent over divorce
Eventually broke after from the Roman Catholic Church and formed the Church of England (Anglican)

25. "And if a man shall take his brother's wife, it is an unclean thing: he hath uncovered his brother's nakedness; they shall be childless."
— Lev 20:21

26. England Henry VIII Edward VI Mary Tudor Thomas More Wives of Henry
Catherine of Aragon
Anne Boleyn
Jane Seymour
Anne of Cleves
Catherine Howard
Catherine Parr
Edward VI
Continued in his father’s protestant ways
Mary Tudor
Extremely firm believer in Catholicism
“Bloody Mary”

27. Reformation and Renaissance
Humanism opened the arts and sciences in the Renaissance
Protestantism was mixed on humanism
Plus = Importance of humankind in God's plan
Minus = Predestination depreciates human ability
Minus = Mankind is only a creature in God's presence
Catholic remained focused on the church