1. 1.
Representıng data

2. HOW COMPUTERS REPRESENT DATA?
Bit : Binary Digit (0 or 1) (True or False)
Bit Patterns are used to represent information.
Numbers
Text characters
Images
Sound
And others

3. BIT / BYTE
8 Bits = 1 Byte

4. HOW COMPUTERS REPRESENT DATA?
Using two symbols all numbers can be represented on a calculator as well as performing arithmetic operations
A calculator translates the touch on the numeric keypad into series of 0s and 1s
Each number then is looked at as a component of its positional values (each a power of 2)
19 will be represented as 19

5. Ascıı table

6. storage data unıts
b = bit
B = byte

7. BIG DATA

8. 2.
System unıt

9. System unıt
Case that contains the major hardware components of a computer
All-in-one

10. System-Unit Components
Motherboard
CPU
Power Supply
Cooling fans
Internal Speaker
Drive bays
Expansion slots

11. System-Unit Components

12. Motherboard
A motherboard (mainboard) is the main printed circuit board (PCB) found in computers and other expandable systems.
It holds and allows communication between many of the crucial electronic components of a system, such as the central processing unit (CPU) and memory, and provides connectors for other peripherals.
Motherboard specifically refers to a PCB with expansion capability and as the name suggests, this board is often referred to as the "mother" of all components attached to it, which often include
sound cards, 
video cards, 
network cards, 
hard drives,
other forms of persistent storage; 
TV tuner cards,
cards providing extra USB or FireWire slots
and a variety of other custom components

13. Motherboard

14. Which one is not located on the motherboard?
Hard drive
Memory.
Sound card.
Power supply.

15. Central processing unit (CPU)
The CPU: The Real Computer
CPU (microprocessor)
Interprets and executes the instructions in each program
Supervises arithmetic and logical data manipulations
Heat-sink : A heat-dissipating component that drains heat from the chip

16. CPU – Instruction set Performs basic operations: Add Subtract
Comparison
Retrieve character from memory
A program for Intel CPU does not work on Motorola CPU

17. CPU Control unit one of the two main parts
Retrieves instructions from memory
Interprets and performs those instructions
Manages the machine cycle or processing cycle,
the four-part process performed by the CPU
Arithmetic logic unit (ALU) one of the two main parts
Performs arithmetic and logical operations
Involve adding, subtracting, multiplying, dividing
Logical operations involve comparisons between two or more data items.

18. Machine cycle Instruction Cycle Fetch: Retrieves program instructions
Decode: Determines what the program is telling the computer to do
Execution Cycle
Execute: Performs the requested action
Store: Stores the results to an internal register
Registers - store data when it must be temporarily stored in the CPU

19. Machine cycle Control Unit Arithmetic Logic Unit 3. EXECUTE Cache
Registers
Input/Output Mngmt
Cache
3. EXECUTE
Memory
2. DECODE
4. STORE
1. FETCH

20. The Machine Cycle

21. The Machine Cycle
Today’s computers can go through this four-step process billions of times per second
CPU speed is linked to this measure

22. What’s on the Motherboard?*
07/16/96
What’s on the Motherboard?
Factors that affect the performance of a CPU include:
Number of existing transistors
Data bus width and word size
Clock speed
Operations per microprocessor cycle
Use of parallel processing
Type of chip *

23. What’s on the Motherboard?*
07/16/96
What’s on the Motherboard?
Data bus
Group of parallel wires that act as an electronic highway on which data travels between computer components
Width measured in bits
Pathway for the electronic impulses that form bytes
Word Size
Maximum number of bits the CPU can process at once is called the word size
Nowadays, it 32-bits or 64-bits (Windows 7 is a 64-bit operating system) *

24. What’s on the Motherboard?*
07/16/96
What’s on the Motherboard?
Clock Speed
Events happen at a pace controlled by a tiny drummer: system clock
System clock is an electronic circuit that produces rapid pulses and coordinates the computer’s internal activities. Each pulse initiates an operation.
Clock speed indicates the number of pulses that system clock sends. For example, a CPU with a clock speed of 3 GHz performs 3 billion machine cycles per second. *

25. What’s on the Motherboard?*
07/16/96
What’s on the Motherboard?
Parallel processing
Method where more than one processor performs at the same time—faster processing *

26. What’s on the Motherboard?*
07/16/96
What’s on the Motherboard?
Multi-core processing
Access time reduced
Processing time improved
Each core handles incoming streams of data or instructions at the same time
Two basic types:
Dual core
Quad core *

27. Evolution of Intel Microprocessors

28. What’s on the Motherboard?*
07/16/96
What’s on the Motherboard?
Chipset
Set of chips that supply the switching circuitry the CPU requires to move data throughout the computer
The CPU and the input/output (I/O) bus linked through the chipset
Provides a means to communicate with input and output devices *

29. What’s on the Motherboard?*
07/16/96
What’s on the Motherboard?
Memory
Chips on the motherboard or within the CPU that retain instructions and data
Random access memory (RAM)
Temporarily stores data and instructions for the CPU
Volatile—contents erased after computer is shut off
Allows CPU to access or store data and instructions quickly through RAM’s memory address feature
Identifies and locates stored data *

30. What’s on the Motherboard?*
07/16/96
What’s on the Motherboard? *

31. What’s on the Motherboard?*
07/16/96
What’s on the Motherboard?
Memory footprint
Amount of RAM the operating system uses while it operates
Virtual memory
Section of the hard drive set aside to use when RAM gets full
Access is much slower than accessing to RAM *

32. What’s on the Motherboard?*
07/16/96
What’s on the Motherboard?
Cache memory
Small unit of ultrafast memory built into or near the processor
Used to store frequently or recently access program instructions or data
Faster but more expensive than RAM
Faster computers have more cache memory *

33. Data Storage Locations*
07/16/96
Data Storage Locations
Virtual Memory
Slowest, least expensive
0.013 seconds
Fastest, most expensive *

34. Operating systems occupy a certain amount of RAM
Computer Performance
Computers with faster and larger cache memory and RAM have better performance
Operating systems occupy a certain amount of RAM
The speed of data from CPU to other circuits on the motherboard are also critical in the computer performance

35. What’s on the Motherboard?*
07/16/96
What’s on the Motherboard?
Read-only memory (ROM)
Contains prerecorded instructions to start the computer
Nonvolatile—contents stored when CPU power off
Basic input/output system (BIOS)
First code run when the system is powered on
Complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS)
Starts the power-on self-test and verifies other system components are operating correctly
Power-on self-test (POST)
Checks circuitry and RAM, marking defective locations *

36. What’s on the Outside of the Box?*
07/16/96
What’s on the Outside of the Box?
Front panel
Power switch
Used to turn the computer on
Drive activity light
Advises the user that the hard drive is retrieving data
Power-on light
Shows whether the power is on *

37. What’s on the Outside of the Box?*
07/16/96
What’s on the Outside of the Box?
Outside a system unit
Connector—physical receptacle used to plug a peripheral device into the computer
Example: telephone jack
Port—electronically defined pathway used to send data into and retrieve data from the computer
Example: USB port *

38. What’s on the Outside of the Box?*
07/16/96
What’s on the Outside of the Box? *

39. What’s on the Outside of the Box?*
07/16/96
What’s on the Outside of the Box?
Connectors on a notebook may vary
This is Figure 2.29. *

40. What’s on the Outside of the Box?*
07/16/96
What’s on the Outside of the Box?
USB (universal serial bus) ports
Connects up to 127 peripheral devices
Connects a variety of devices to the computer, including:
Keyboards, Mice, Printers, Digital cameras
Allows PnP (Plug and Play) *

41. What’s on the Outside of the Box?*
07/16/96
What’s on the Outside of the Box?
USB hub
Device that plugs into existing USB port
Contains four or more additional ports
This is Figure 2.20. *

42. What’s on the Outside of the Box?*
07/16/96
What’s on the Outside of the Box?
FireWire (1394 ports)
Created by Apple in 1995
Offers high-speed connections for dozens of peripheral devices (up to 63)
Initially was much faster than USB
Data transfer rates of FireWire
FireWire 400—400 Mbps
FireWire 800—800 Mbps
FireWire S3200—next generation (expected to transfer data at 3.2 Gbps)
This is Figure 2.20. *

43. What’s on the Outside of the Box?*
07/16/96
What’s on the Outside of the Box?
Video connectors
VGA (video graphics array)
15-pin male connector—works with standard monitor cables
Transmits analog video signals
Used for legacy cathode ray (CRT) monitors
DVI (Digital visual Interface) port—lets LCD monitors use digital signals
HDMI (High Definition Multimedia Interface) – higher transfer rate than DVI, can also transmit sound.
This is Figure 2.20. *

44. What’s on the Outside of the Box?*
07/16/96
What’s on the Outside of the Box?
Additional connectors
Telephone
Network
PC card slot
PC card
ExpressCard
Sound card
Game card
TV/sound capture board *