1. P yrethroids By Muhammad Zeeshan Nazar B.Sc (Hons.) Agriculture Science Department of Entomology mzeeshan_93@yahoo.com 1

2. Pyrethroids is an organic compound Obtained from dried and powdered flowers, daisy-like plant Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium. Name given to the active insecticidal component of dried flower “Pyrethrins”. Grown in Kenya, Tanzania, Ecuador, Japan, Uganda, Rwanda and other countries. Recently Australia has become the world’s second largest producer after Kenya. Introduction

3. French soldiers used crushed flowers to control fleas and body lice during the Napoleonic Wars (1803-1815). In 1860, pyrethrum powder was introduced to the United States. In 1881, pyrethrum cultivation was introduced to Japan from England. In 1914, Japan became the principle supplier of pyrethrum flowers to the United States about 82%. In 1917, the US Navy made the first pyrethrum extracts against houseflies and mosquitoes. History

4. In 1949, first synthetic pyrethroids, allethrin and bioallethrin developed in America by Milton S. Schechter and colleagues. Twenty times more effective than DDT. More active than the natural pyrethrum but are unstable in sunlight. In 1974, the Rothamsted team had discovered more persistent compounds: permethrin, cypermethrin and deltamethrin. More resistant to degradation by light and air. Suitable for use in agriculture. Significantly low mammalian toxicities

5.  Rapid action: Contact insecticide that attack on nervous system of insects almost immediately.  Broad spectrum of insecticides: Because it consist of group of complex compounds.  Lack of persistence: Degraded by sunlight and air, so they have less environmental hazards.  Repellency: Powerful insect repellent and have Knockdown effect.  Low mammalian toxicity: One of least toxic domestic insecticide Properties

6. Some other properties  Pale yellow viscous oils or tan dusts.  Insoluble in water.  Soluble in organic solvent  In light and air, oxidation and loss of insecticidal activity occur.  Hydrolyzed in the presence of alkalies.  Not readily washed off from plants by rain due to lipophilic character.

7. Natural Insecticides Chemicals that are obtained from natural sources and used to control insect pests. Pyrethrum also called natural pyrethrum, natural pyrethroid or simply pyrethrins. Highly effective botanical insecticide used for centuries against all manner of insect pests. Occur in the daisy, Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium. Found in tiny oil containing glands on the surface of seed case in tightly packed flower head. Insecticidal activity was discovered in iran around 1800.

8. Made up of six complex organic esters formed by combination of carboxylic acid and keto alcohols Pyrethrins I or ChrysanthematesPyrethrins I or Pyrethrates Pyrethrin I35%Pyrethrin II32% Cinerin I10%Cinerin II14% Jasmolin I5%Jasmolin II4% Total50%Total50% Ketone Carboxylic acid

9. Flowers are harvested after blooming. Either dried and powdered or the oils are extracted with solvents. Resulting pyrethrin usually have an active ingredient content of about 30%. Active insecticidal components are collectively known as pyrethrins. Extraction of Pyrethrum

10. Non-systemic insecticides act as contact poison. Affect the nervous system of insects by causing multiple action potentials. Delaying the closing of ion channels. The sequence of poisoning symptoms are Excitation Convulsions Paralysis Death Sometime mixed with another chemical known as a synergist Piperonyl butoxide or sulphoxide used Increase their effect Inhibit detoxification Mode of Action

11. Human lice, mosquitoes, cockroaches, beetles, flies and mites. Control chewing and sucking insects pest. Some "pyrethrin dusts" used to control insects in horticultural crops. Some compounds may be used in grain storage, poultry pens and on dogs and cats to control lice and fleas. Over 2,000 registered pesticide products. Available in foggers, sprays, dusts and pet shampoos.  Highly toxic to cats Applications

12. Environmental Effects Low in toxicity to people and other mammals. Toxic to beneficial insects such as bees, dragonflies, mayflies and gadflies. Very highly toxic to fish, lobster, shrimp and oysters. Eaten or inhaled, rapidly broken down into inactive products and are removed from the body. Irritation of the respiratory passages, runny nose, coughing, difficulty breathing, vomiting and diarrhea.

13. On skin contact, it can be irritating. Presence of sunlight, pyrethrins, breaks down rapidly in water and on soil and plant surfaces. More than 85% left the body in feces or urine within two days. Very small amounts in the milk and eggs of exposed animals. On potato and tomato leaves, less than 3% remained after 5 days. Hydrolysis of Ester bond +

14. Brand Name  Evergreen ®  Pyganic ®  Pyrenone ®  Pyronyl Crop Spray ®  Tersus ®  Pyrethrum TR ®

15. Synthetic Insecticides Originally pyrethroids were made to synthetically mimic pyrethrins. Chemically more complicated molecules making more toxic 10 times mores effective than natural Pyrethrins Today's pyrethroids have very low or no odor at all Last longer, can be used in lower concentrations More persistent Pyrethroids are formulated with compounds like piperonyl butoxide, piperonyl sulfoxide and sesamex called synergists.

16. Pyrethroids are grouped into two classes Type I pyrethroids are derivatives of pyrethrin. Do not have a cyano group Type II pyrethroids have cyano group. Type I Pyrethroids AllethrinCyfluthrin BifenthrinCyhalothrin PermethrinCypermethrin PhenothrinDeltamethrin ResmethrinFenvalerate TefluthrinFenpropathrin TetramethrinFlucythrinate Flumethrin Fluvalinate

17. Allethrin First synthetic pyrethroid Pale yellow liquid Contact insecticide Effective against mosquito, flies and ants Available as coils, mats, oil formulations, and as an aerosol spray. Brand Name Alleviate ® Bioallethrin ® Pyrocide ® Raid ® Thermacell ®

18. Resmethrin Colorless waxy solid Contact insecticide Resmethrin is not toxic to plants. Used to cntrol agricultural, horticultural and public health insect pests. 55 to 82% broken down within 2 hours Brand Name Chrysron ® Crossfire ® Vectrin ®

19. Discovered in 1973 Used as a medication to treat fleas, termites and lice. Applied to the skin as a cream or lotion. More effective at low temperature White, odourless, crystalline solid and contact insecticide. Permethrin Brand Name Nix ® Ambush ® Pounce ® Coopex ®

20. Phenothrin Also called sumithrin and phenothrin Kills adult fleas, ticks, beg bugs and human lice It is extremely toxic to bees and aquatic life. Affects the insect's central and peripheral nervous system. It is pale yellow liquid. Brand Name Raid ®

21. Bifenthrin Primarily against the red imported fire ant Affective against cockroach, ants, moths, earwigs, mites, flies, grasshoppers, fleas, Yellow jackets, flies, fleas, and termites. Poorly soluble in water and often remains in soil. White, waxy solid with a faint sweet smell. Not naturally occurring Brand Name Capture ® Maxtor ® Transport ®

22. Tefluthrin Introduced in 1986. Colorless solid at room temperature Low solubility in water Low flammability Effective against soil pests in crops such as maize, sugar beet, corn and grains Brand Name Technical ® Force ®

23. Tetramethrin Potent synthetic insecticide It is a white crystalline solid Degrade rapidly after it applied. It is metabolized quickly Effective against wasps, hornets, roaches, ants, fleas, and mosquitoes. Brand Name Hot Shot ® Deep ®

24. Cyfluthrin Both contact and stomach poison action Available in the form of emulsifiable concentrates, Wettable powder, aerosol, granules, liquid. Affective against cutworms, ants, silverfish, cockroaches, termites, weevils, mosquitoes, fleas, flies, corn earworms, codling moth, loopers, etc. Brand Name Laser ® Contur ® Responsar ® Solfac ®

25. Cyhalothrin Effective for longer periods of time Colorless solid with a mild odor Low water solubility and is nonvolatile Forms strong bonds with soil so cause water contamination Affective against aphids, colorado beetles and butterfly larvae. Mainly used as tickicide. Brand Name Danger ® Demand ® Karate ®

26. Cypermethrin Popular and widely used insecticides Stomach and contact insecticide Behaves as a fast-acting neurotoxin in insects Easily degraded on soil and plants but effective for weeks when applied to indoor inert surfaces. Effective against cockroachs, flies, mosquitoes and moths Brand Name Viper ® Raid ® Ripcord ® Cymbush ®

27. Deltamethrin Most popular and widely used insecticides Colorless crystalline powder Potent insecticide, contact and stomach poison Against wide range of pests of fruits, vegetables, cotton and stored products. Control spiders, bed bugs, ants, carpenter ants, fleas, ticks and clothes moths Plays key role in controlling malaria vectors particularly anopheles gambiae. Brand Name Blast ® Dose ® Deltahit ®

28. Fenvalerate Contact and stomach poison. Yellow brown viscous liquid practically soluble in water Commonly used to control insects in food, feed, cotton products, flies, beetles and ticks in barns. Does not affect plants. Brand Name Fenrus-4 ®

29. Fenpropathrin Insecticides as well as acaricide Contact and stomach poison Used to control aphids, red spiders, armyworms, and noctuids Risk for parkinson's disease Brand Name Danitol ® Tame ® Meothrin ®

30. Flucythrinate Insecticide and acaricide. Highly toxic pesticide Currently not approved for use in the United States. Affective against phytophagous mites and insects of cotton and vegetables. Brand Name Cybolt ® Pay-Off ®

31. Flumethrin Externally used in veterinary medicine against parasitic insects Such as flea and tick Treatment of parasitic mites in honeybee colonies Brand Name Bayer ® Bayticol ®

32. Fluvalinate Viscous yellow oil Stable, non-volatile, fat-soluble compound Acaricide commonly used to control Varroa Mites Against moths, beetles and other insect pests on cotton, cereal, grape, potato, fruit tree, vegetable and ornamental plants. Brand Name Apistan ® Yardex ® Mavrik ®

33. Extremely high insecticidal activity at extremely low doses Biodegradable in nature Effective against lepidopterous pests and beetles, leaf miners and bugs. Effective against eggs, larval and adult stages of insects Powerful antifeedant and repellent properties Not readily washed off from the plant by rain Movement from site of application is limited in air due to low volatility Merits

34. Not systemic and do not have translaminar action Constant use of synthetic pyrethroids increase resistance in insects pest Harmful for beneficial organisms (honey bees, beetles, spiders, centipedes and predatory mites) Highly toxic to fish On prolonged storage, pyrethrum looses its insecticidal action Hence; antioxidants like hydroquinolene are added Demerits