1. COMPRESSED AIR ENGINE 1) S.P.M.Vignesh 310712114070
Presented by:
1) S.P.M.Vignesh
2) M.VenkataSubramanian
3) G.K.Venkatesh
Guided by: Mr.Francis (HOD/ Mech)

2. ABSTRACT
Keeping in view the climate change, the dependence on petroleum reserves as the primary energy source, and volatile fuel prices, it is imperative to explore possible opportunities in unconventional alternative-fuel technologies.
One of the choices available is the Compressed Air Vehicle (CAV), or air car, powered by a pneumatic motor and on-board high-pressure gas tank.
And one such important component is development of an compressed air engine.

3. Contd,
It has economic benefits like low emissions rather it is zero emission because the exhaust air is cleaner than the ambient air because of the filters used.
Also, in a compressed air engine, air alone can be used as the fuel, or it can be used in amalgamation with traditional fuels or electricity.

4. INTRODUCTION
Of all the problems generated by fossil fuel use, the most challenging will be surviving the withdrawal from that use, after worldwide oil production peaks and begins to decline.
Peak oil is the point in time when the maximum rate of petroleum extraction is reached, after which the rate of production is expected to enter terminal decline. The oil crisis will begin when demand for oil consistently begins to exceed supply.

5. Contd,
Air never runs out. Air is non-polluting. Best of all, air is free. Using the potential energy stored in compressed air for running engines and propelling vehicles can prove to be a clean and sustainable alternative.

6. Contd,
Just using air is the most suitable option because it drastically reduces weight of the vehicle and improves the efficiency.
Instead of going into development of a whole new pneumatic system to run on compressed air, which demands appreciable investment of capital and research, the solution proposed here is to run existing two stroke engines on air with no or minimum modification to their construction.

7. LITERATURE REVIEW ENGINE TYPE YEAR PURPOSE
Crank and connecting rod mechanism
3 century AD
HEIRAPOLIS SAWMILL
Turkey
Rudimentary internal combustion engine
17th century
Christian huygens
Used gun powder to drive water pumps .
Compressionless engine
1764
Robert Street -
Pyreolophore internal combustion engine
1807
Nicephore niepce
Fitted in a boat and powered up the river soane.
Patent for first internal combustion emgine
1823
Samuel brown
Compressionless and leornardo cycle.

8. Contd, ENGINE YEAR and FOUNDER PURPOSE\SIGNIFICANCE
Gas or vapor engine
1826
American samuey
Patent for compression less gas or vapor engine
Table type gas engine/double acting gas engine
1833
Lemuel wellman wright
Holds first record for water jacketed engine
Use of in-cylinder compression
1838
William Barnett
Patent for the use of in-cylinder compression
First four cycle engine
Eugenio Barsanti and Felice Matteucci
Invented and patented an engine using free piston principle

9. Contd, ENGINE YEAR/FOUNDER SIGNIFICANCE
Gas fired internal combustion engine
1860
Belgian jean joseph
Horizontal double acting engine
Atmospheric gas engine
1863
Nikolas Otto
Atmospheric gas engine with an indirect acting free piston
Hugon engine
1865
Pierre hugon
More reliable flame ignition
Mobile gasoline engine
1870
Siegfried marcus
In Vienna

10. contd., ENGINE YEAR/FOUNDER SIGNIFICANCE First two stroke engine 1878
Dugald clerk
In cylinder compression
Four stroke engine
1879
Karl Benz
This engine was used in automobiles.
Atkinson cycle
1882 James Atkinson
It had one power phase one revolution
First gasoline engine
1884
British engineer Edward Butler
Also Butler invented spark plug ,coil ignition, ignition magneto, spray carburetor
Carnot heat engine
1892
Rudolph diesel
Carnot heat engine type motor

11. Contd., ENGINE YEAR/FOUNDER SIGNIFICANCE COMPRESSION IGNITION
1893 FEB 23
Rudolph Diesel
Received patent for CI engine.
Boxer engine
1896
Karl Benz
Horizontally opposed engine or the flat engine.
Rotary internal combustion engine
1898
Fay Oliver Farwell
Designed the prototype.
Gas turbine
1903
Elling
Builds a gas turbine using a centrifugal compressor.
Complete gas turbine
Uses three separate compressor driven by single turbine.

12. Contd., ENGINE YEAR/FOUNDER SIGNIFICANCE Scotch yoke engine 1986
Benz Gmbh
Begins development
Hyper-x
Scram-jet
2004
First jet to maintain altitude
Compact turbine engine
2014
FORD Motor company files patent.

13. COMPONENTS NEEDED 1.Compressor(readily available in college).
2.Pressure Regulator(10 bar).
3.Hose .
4.Solenoid Valve (mechanically operated).
5.Adapter Nipple .
6.Two Stroke SI Engine.
7.Flywheel (without magnetic coil).
8.Timing plate/ cam plate.

14. Removal of the unwanted coils from flywheel assembly.

15. Pressure regulators used in this project ,maximum 10 bar pressure.

16. Follower used in our project.

17. Operation of project design plan
Several key constraints are considered regarding the existing two stroke engine for characterizing the conversion of a two stroke engine into a compressed air engine. The first one is that the base technology is needed to be economically available. Secondly, the final system should not deteriorate the ability of the two stroke engine to operate in hostile conditions. The third constraint is that the simplicity of the existing two stroke engine should not be sacrificed for the attainment of the goal. Fourthly, the part of the energy consumed by the injection system of the compressed air engine should be comparable to the existing two stroke engine. Last but the most important compulsion is that the kit must be inexpensive to install, with commonly available tools and adequate expertise.

18. ENGINE MODIFICATIONS Cylinder Head
Instead of designing and casting a new cylinder head for the purpose of the injecting compressed air into the combustion chamber, the existing cylinder head could be applied to this purpose with minimum modifications. The spark plug is seated at the top of cylinder head of the engine.
Thereafter, the plain cylindrical bore obtained is threaded according to profile of given adapter or reducer nipple. The adapter nipple connects the engine cylinder to the solenoid valve .
Like wise the intake port ,flywheel are modified as per our requirement.

19. Design calculations
The storage tank is capable of storing air at 200 bar pressure and delivering it under 10 bar for safe operational mode.
Taking into account the working parameters and with an estimated range of working pressure between 0-10 bar a NC 24v DC Solenoid Valve constructed of brass

20. Technical specification of valve.
PARAMETER
SPECIFICATION
Supply voltage maximum
24v DC
Operating pressure
10 Bar
Fluid temperature
50C
material
Brass with stainless inner parts.

21. SAMPLE CALCULATION WORKING PRESSURE INJECTION ANGLE MAXIMUM RPM 10 BAR
10 Deg before TDC
715
At TDC
845
5 Deg after TDC
910
10 Deg after TDC
993

22. PROGRESS
Designed and machined the cam plate. CNC coding was written and the required profile was generated on the MS plate. Pressure regulator have been purchased. Adapter is given for machining for replacing spark plug.

23. CONCLUSION
This compressed air engine basically represents the idea about providing an alternative to the current energy scenario by modifying existing vehicles rather than altogether manufacturing new, more efficient ones, and doing so in an affordable and economical way.
The CAV is aimed to open new avenues to explore in the area of fuels as needless to say, conventional sources of energy are limited and due to that, the price of petroleum products also continues rise by the day.

24. Contd.,
Also, while considering alternate fuels, some factors are to be considered like availability, economy, and environment friendliness etc., based on that compressed air technology is the best technology and demands more attention as it tends to take the engine to zero pollution running on a fuel that is freely available .

25. Contd.,
Even though the vehicles running on the CAE seem to compare poorly to gasoline and electric vehicles in range and power & their applications severely constrained due to their limited driving range, it may be an ideal mode of transportation once enough research and analysis are put in the field.

26. RESULT The significant part of experimentation was concentrated on :
Running the engine at different pressures and observing the differences in speed (RPM) .