1. Honors Marine Biology Module 3
September 16, 2014
The First Four Kingdoms
Part 1

2. Random Acts of Kindness
Class Challenge
Random Acts of Kindness

3. Next Week’s Challenge
Who can tell the best Joke

4. Today is Notebook Check
Through Module 2 to include all of your homework, Module 1 and 2 Tests and Lab book.

5. Wet Lab September 30 Location: South Lido Beach
When: Sept 30th 10:30am to 12:15pm
We will be leaving from school and returning to school.
What to bring: Your LAB BOOK AND PEN. Wear cloths that could get wet. Sunscreen, towel, shoes that can get wet.
Bring water bottle and your lunch so that you can eat on your way back to class at 1:00pm

6. Homework
Any Questions??

7. Quiz # 4
Identify:
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic
cellular organelles

8. Prokaryotic Cell

9. Eukaryotic Cell

10. Classification of Living Things

11. Kingdom Monera Represents the least complex organisms in creation.
They are mind-bogglingly complex, they are still as “simple” as life gets.
Members of Kingdom Monera are prokaryotes, so their cell structure is basic, yet they play important roles in the ocean.

12. Kingdom Monera
Is mostly known as bacteria Prokaryotic, single celled microscopic organisms.
Single celled
Microscopic Organisms
Lacking nuclei or other organelles

13. Marine Bacteria
Are mostly rod-shaped, and their plasma membrane is surrounded by a cell wall.
Even through they are very simplistic organisms, they can execute almost all the major chemical processes that more complex organisms carry out.

14. Marine Bacteria
Some have a few processes exclusive to their own group.
Some bacteria have the ability to survive in areas that are deadly to most organisms, enduring extreme temperatures, high altitudes, or harsh chemicals.
They are not primitive or undeveloped and are actually have quite complex cellular processes.

15. Heterotrophic Bacteria
Most bacteria cannot produce their own energy to survive and therefore are heterotrophs, they feed on other organic matter.
Heterotropic bacteria obtain their food by breaking down either the waste products of other organisms or dead organic material.
This bacteria is called decomposers.

16. Decomposers
Organisms that break down dead organic matter into smaller molecules.
These decomposers are the recyclers of the earth, obtaining the essential nutrients from wastes or dead organisms and processing them back into useable forms for the rest of creation.

17. Decomposers are found Everywhere in the Marine Environment!
On Surfaces
In the water column
In the bottom sediment (most common)

18. Autotrophic Bacteria
This is bacteria that can produce their own organic compounds.
They are divided into two types:
Bacteria that can Photosynthesize
Bacteria that can Chemosynthesize

19. Photosynthesic Bacteria
They contain chlorophyll
and
2. Utilize light energy to manufacture organic compounds.

20. Chemosynthesis Bacteria
This bacteria use energy stored in chemicals such as hydrogen sulfide, ammonia or methane to produce their own organic compounds.
Chemosynthesis: The making of organic material from inorganic substances using chemical energy.

21. Cyanobacteria
They are commonly called blue-green algae, because they are a plant-like group of photosynthetic bacteria.
However, they are not true algae because they are prokaryotic.

22. Cyanobacteria
Their color comes from the green chlorophyll needed for photosynthesis as well as the bluish and reddish pigments in their cells.
Prokaryotes photosynthesize on the folded membranes of their cell. Blue-green algae do not have the chloroplasts found in eukaryotic producers.

23. Many of these cyanobacteria are microscopic, but some can be seen with the naked eye because they form long strands or mats that float on top of the water.

24. Cyanobacteria
Is found nearly everywhere in creation. They can withstand wide ranges of salinity and temperature, so they inhabit many different marine locations.
They live on sea grasses and other small organisms, mudflats, in intertidal areas near shorelines as well as coral reefs.

25. Cyanobacteria
In the warm water ocean’s surface, cyanobacteria in under prime conditions to multiply rapidly, producing dense concentrations of individuals, and giving the water a reddish color.
Cyanobacteria are just one of the many organisms that can change the ocean’s color through overpopulation.

26. Red Tide

27. Cyanobacteria
Some can remove nitrogen from the atmosphere and use it in their metabolic processes.
One of the major inorganic nutrients primary producers require in order to survive is nitrogen.

28. Nitrogen Cycle
The atmosphere contains 78% nitrogen as N2 gas, the preferred form for primary producers is nitrate (NO3).
These special cyanobacteria take atmospheric nitrogen and transform it to something other producers can use: NO3
This is called Nitrogen Fixation and is very important in the survival of other species.

29. Mr. Wilson’s Fish Tank

30. Nitrogen Cycle

31. Kingdom Protista: Unicellular Algae
Simple organisms that live in the water (both fresh and salt) and usually photosynthesize.
Algae are Eukaryotic, (their cells have membrane bound organelles)
Their colors vary depending on the pigment – green, brown, and even red.

32. Algae Do not have roots, stems or leaves. They do not flower
Some have Flagella and swim
Range in size from one single cell to very large multicellular organisms.

33. Phytoplankton Phyto means plant Plankton refers to floating
Phytoplankton: Photosynthetic organisms that drift in the water.

34. Diatoms
Are extremely plentiful phytoplankton in the oceans, especially in temperate waters.
Because of this, they are the greatest producers of oxygen on the planet.

35. Dinoflagellates
Like Diatoms, these organisms make up a large group of single-celled phytoplankton.
Like seaweeds and land plants, they have a cell wall made mainly from cellulose, but unlike seaweed and land plants, the cell wall is used as armored plating.

36. Most dinoflagellates have chlorphyl and are photosynthetic, sometimes rivaling diatoms as primary producers.
During the right conditions, these organisms can reproduce at a rapid rate, resulting in dense concentrations of individuals called a bloom.

37. Red Tide
In the waters of Sarasota Bay, Red Tide is produced by a dinoflagellates bloom.
These dinoflagellates release toxic substances when their hard exterior breaks open. When there is a bloom this toxin will result in the deaths of many organism.

38. Experiment 3.1: Unicellular Algae
To Observe some unique features of unicellular Algae.
Diatoms and dinoflagellates

39. Diatoms
are a major group of algae, and are among the most common types of phytoplankton. Most diatoms are unicellular.

40. Diatoms are single-celled photosynthetic organisms
Diatoms are single-celled photosynthetic organisms. Their cell walls are composed of two interlocking silica halves. These sink to the ocean floor when diatoms die, becoming part of the sediment. As they stay preserved for years, fossil diatoms are a valuable
record of past oceanic
environments.

41. Dinoflagellates
Dinoflagellates are unicellular protists which exhibit a great diversity of form.

42. Dinoflagellates
Many are photosynthetic, manufacturing their own food using the energy from sunlight, and providing a food source for other organisms.
Some species are capable of producing their own light through bioluminescence, which also makes fireflies glow. There are some dinoflagellates which are parasites on fish or on other protists.

43. Photosynthetic Dinoflagellates

44. Bioluminescence Dinoflagellates

45. A red tide is a “bloom” of a group of phytoplankton called dinoflagellates. A “bloom” occurs when a particular species of dinoflagellate begins reproducing rapidly, resulting in millions of cells in each gallon of water. Not all phytoplankton species produce visible blooms. The phytoplankton cells that cause a red tide contain
pigments for capturing
sunlight needed for
cell nourishment, growth,
and reproduction. These
pigments can give off a
reddish color in
the water
when enough
are present.

46. Over growth of Dinoflagellantes on corals

47. Experiment 3.2: Marine Protozoans
Most foraminiferans are aquatic, primarily marine, and the majority of species live on or within the seafloor sediment (benthos) with a small number of species known to be floaters in the water column at various depths (plankton).
Foraminifera typically produce a test, or shell, which can have either one or multiple chambers, some becoming quite elaborate in structure.

49. marine microorganism called a Foraminifera.
These Protists are more like animals because they do not contain chloroplasts.
Instead they capture food with long, thin, retractable pseudopodia that stream through the pores in their shells.

50. This is a photo of a living planktonic foraminifera with its psuedopodia radiating outward.

51. Foraminifera typically have internal skeletons made of calcium carbonate and composed of a series of chambers arranged in a spiral.
Although many Foraminifera species live on the ocean bottom, a few are planktonic and can be very abundant. They are so abundant that when their shells sink to the sea floor they create a layer of calcareous ooze. Geologists study the chemical composition of these shells, as well as species distributions, to learn about past climates.

52. Radiolarians
Radiolarians are part of the marine plankton. They occur in all oceans.

53. Radiolarians
With their glassy skeletons of often perfect geometric form and symmetry, radiolarians are among the most beautiful of all protists. 

54. Homework Read and Study Module 3 (p.66-73) Complete OYO: 3.1 to 3.6
Study Guide Define: a – f and
Questions 2 – 10.
Finish up Lab book drawings
Quiz:
Class Challenge: The best Joke