1. Twentieth Century Era 1900-2000
Edison, Einstein, Hitler, Einstein, Freud, J.F. Kennedy,
Invention of the first automobile
Airplanes
Atomic bomb
Computers- cell phones
World War 1, World War 2,
First man on the moon, invention of the television
Invention of movies with sound

2. Twentieth Century Era Musical Elements 1900-2000
Rhythm became much more complex and irregular in the 20th century.
Melody became of secondary importance in much of the music in the 20th century. Melodies were often erratic with wide leaps, irregular rhythms, and unexpected phrases - an instrumental rather than vocal approach.  
Harmony was freed from "the tyranny of tonality" (Schoenberg). References to a "key" or tonal center were often determined unimportant and atonality was explored. New scale and chord structures were developed.
Timbre was explored in depth. New playing techniques were developed on traditional instruments to expand their tonal range. New instruments were created (mostly electronic) and instruments unique to "world" or ethnic music were incorporated into the sonic spectrum.  
Recording technology increased accessibility for audiences and change the way musicians created music and made a living.

3. Sergai Prokofiev
Born in Ukraine in 1891 died in Moscow, Russia in at age 62.
He went to the St. Petersburg Conservatory at age 13.
He was an arrogant man who had a very high opinion of himself.
He composed the opera “The love for three oranges.”
Russia was under communist rule, and he hoped his popularity would save him from harassment by authorities, though it did not.
Despite the soviet rules he composed in his own style.
He died a few hours before Stalin, which is an irony that he would appreciate.
Peter and the Wolf

4. Prokofiev’s “Peter and the Wolf”

5. Prokofiev’s opera “The love of three oranges”

6. Claude Debussy
Whilst not always appreciated during his lifetime, he has since been recognized as one of the key composers to herald the new era of 20th century music.

7. His music is often given the label ‘____________’, for its similarity to the style of painting by that name that was popular at the time.
Debussy’s creative genius seemed to go hand-in-hand with personal crises.
He went through periods of _________ during which he was unable to compose at all.
Impressionism
depression

8. Debussy had an ___________ disposition that enabled him to shrug off the rules and traditions of the past to create a truly unique style of music.
individualistic
Debussy at the piano, in front of the composer Ernest Chausson, 1893

9. Fast Facts: Name: Achille-Claude Debussy Dates: 1862-1918
Country of birth: France
Historical Era: Early 20th century
Contemporary Composers: Ravel, Stravinsky, Schoenberg
Contemporary Artists: Monet, Renoir, Picasso
Other People/Events: Edison, Einstein, Hitler, World War 1, invention of the first automobile
*Claire De Lune

10. Igor Stravinsky
In 1913, in a theater house in Paris, a hushed and expectant audience sat awaiting the start of the premiere of The Rite of Spring.

11. The Rite of Spring was a new ballet by prominent _______ composer, Igor Stravinsky.
What began as murmurs of protest from the audience at the unusual music of the opening refrain, erupted into a ____ as the _____________ and __________________ intensified.
It was a huge scandal in Paris and also one of the defining moments in ushering in the _______ era of music.
Russian
riot
violent rhythms
wild dance movements
modern

12. Nationalistic Russian Neoclassical Serial or Twelve Tone
There were many different musical techniques and styles being developed during this time.
Stravinsky wrote in the following styles of music:
Nationalistic Russian
Neoclassical
Serial or Twelve Tone
Modern Sounding Music

13. Instrumental Music in Unusual Combinations ballets
Stravinsky is probably best known for his ______ which include:
The Firebird
Petrouchka
The Rite of Spring
He also wrote:
Concertos
Oratorios
Choral Music
Instrumental Music in Unusual Combinations
ballets
Stravinsky and Pablo Picasso collaborated on Pulcinella in Picasso took the opportunity to make several sketches of the composer.

14. 100 most influential people of
Despite all these different styles and forms, his unique and remarkable _______ _________ can be heard throughout all his works.
His creativity and influence changed musical composition forever, and in doing so, earned him a place in Time Magazine’s list of the “________________________ _____________”.
musical
signature
100 most influential people of
the 20th century

15. Fast Facts: Name: Igor Stravinsky Dates: 1882-1971
Country of birth: Russia
Historical Era: 20th century
Contemporary Composers: Ravel, Schoenberg, Copeland, Gershwin
Contemporary Artists: Picasso, Degas
Other People/Events: Einstein, Freud, J.F. Kennedy, World War 1, World War 11, first man on the moon, invention of the television

16. Fun Fact: In 1940, Stravinsky was arrested in Boston, USA for
breaking a law that forbade tampering with the
National Anthem. Stravinsky had added an unusual
harmony to his arrangement of the Star Spangled
Banner and was subsequently taken into custody.
He was released when he finally convinced the
police that he meant no harm by the arrangement.
You can see a photo of his mug-shot here:

17. Arnold Schoenberg
Few composers in history have caused the kind of controversy that Arnold Schoenberg has.

18. Vienna, Austria
Schoenberg was born in _____________, where he began his career as a _________ and _______.
He was forced to flee Austria when Hitler came to power, partly due to his _______ heritage and partly because Hitler banned his music, labeling it “___________”.
After a brief stay in Paris, he settled
in _______________ and lived there for the rest of his life.
composer
teacher
Jewish
degenerate
Los Angeles, USA

19. controversial
Schoenberg was very ___________ because he pushed the boundaries of musical composition to the absolute limits.
For centuries, western music had been based around particular _____________.
Schoenberg moved further and further away from this basis until he eventually
abandoned it altogether.
keys and scales

20. His music became ______, or lacking any sense of key or tonal center
His music became ______, or lacking any sense of key or tonal center. His well known work ____________ is an example of atonality.
Schoenberg’s created a system or formula for writing music in which all the twelve musical notes are given ____________.
This style became known as ______________ or __________.
atonal
Pierrot Lunaire
equal emphasis
twelve-tone music
serial music

21. Many musicians have dismissed his works, whilst others have labeled him a genius.
Schoenberg is regarded as one of the most influential composers of the 20th century.
Schoenberg's grave in the Zentralfriedhof, Vienna.

22. Fast Facts: Name: Arnold Schoenberg Dates: 1874-1951
Country of birth: Austria
Historical Era: 20th century
Contemporary Composers: Stravinsky, Copeland, Gershwin
Contemporary Artists: Munch, Kandinsky
Other People/Events: Einstein, Freud, World War 1, World War 11, invention of the ballpoint pen

23. triskaidekaphobia: a fear of the number 13.
Fun Fact:
Schoenberg suffered from a condition known as
triskaidekaphobia: a fear of the number 13.
He was terrified of his 65th birthday, as 65 was a
multiple of 13 and he feared he would die during
that year He survived, but his paranoia was fueled
by an astrologer who wrote to Schoenberg on his
76th birthday, warning him that this was a very
dangerous year for him as = 13. It could be
that Schoenberg literally scared himself to death,
for on Friday the 13th of July that year he felt ill,
went to bed and died just before midnight.

24. with jazz and dance-hall music and the growing popularity of
George Gershwin
The early 20th century in America is a time in history that we associate
with jazz and dance-hall music and the growing popularity of
Broadway musicals.

25. jazz
George Gershwin combined both _____ and traditional ________ characteristics into a distinctive style.
He was born in ________ in _____ to Russian-Jewish parents who had recently immigrated.
He began playing the piano when he was __.
classical
New York
1898 12

26. 12
Gershwin’s ___ Broadway musicals, whose lyrics were written by his brother, Ira, include songs that are universally recognized and loved, such as:
I’ve Got Rhythm
Strike up the Band
Someone to Watch Over Me

27. the folk opera Porgy and Bess
Gershwin also wrote several orchestral works including:
Rhapsody in Blue
An American in Paris
the folk opera Porgy and Bess
Even though these works are considered ‘_______’, they are still heavily influenced by _____ characteristics.
classical
jazz

28. Schoenberg
Gershwin asked composers __________ and _____ to teach him composition but they both declined.
They felt his style was so unique that pure classical training would ruin it!
Gershwin’s life was cut tragically short. He died from a __________ at the age of ___.
Ravel
brain tumor 38

29. Fast Facts: Name: George Gershwin Dates: 1898-1937
Country of birth: USA
Historical Era: 20th Century
Contemporary Composers: Stravinsky, Ravel, Prokofiev, Schoenberg
Contemporary Artists: Kandinsky, Picasso
Other People/Events: Albert Einstein, Franklin Roosevelt, World War 1, invention of movies with sound, first hamburger sold in the USA

30. Fun Fact:
Gershwin’s memory was not one of his better traits. In 1924 he agreed to compose a new jazz-inspired work for a concert his friend was organizing. He was busy at the time and completely forgot about it, only remembering when he saw an article in the newspaper advertising the premiere of this new work! He not only completed the work in three weeks, but it went on to become his best-known composition: Rhapsody in Blue.

31. Aaron Copland
Cowboys and outlaws are not something you would normally associate with classical music, but Copland used these subjects as topics for ballets!
He created a voice that was uniquely American.

32. Concertos Symphonies Film Music
At first Copland used jazz elements, but later he incorporated ___________ into his music.
Copland is best known for his “_______” ballets __________ and ______.
He wrote a variety of different types of instrumental music including:
Concertos
Symphonies
Film Music
folk melodies
cowboy
Billy the Kid
Rodeo

33. The Dean of American Composers
Eventually Copland devoted less time to composing, instead focusing his attention on:
Conducting
Teaching
Writing books about music
His dedication to teaching and mentoring young up-and-coming composers led to his reputation as “__________________________”.
The Dean of American Composers

34. Fast Facts: Name: Aaron Copland Dates: 1900-1990 Country of birth: USA
Historical Era: 20th century
Contemporary Composers: Stravinsky, Schoenberg, Gershwin
Contemporary Artists: Picasso, Warhol, Georgia O’Keeffe
Other People/Events: Einstein, The Beatles,
World War 1, World War 11, commercial air
travel, mass production of cars, invention of
the computer

35. Fun Fact:
Copland won an Academy Award! He was awarded the Oscar for the best musical score in a dramatic film in 1950 for his music for the movie The Heiress. He had been nominated for the same award three times previously.
Aaron Copland School of Music, Queens College (part of the City University of New York)