1. Genetics (2) DNA, Protein Synthesis, Mutations and Disorders

2. Genes and DNA (Bill Nye)

4. DNA and Genetics SWBAT Explain what DNA is
State the role of RNA in protein production

5. Lesson 3 The Structure of DNA
Chromosomes are made of proteins and deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA—an organism’s genetic material.
A gene is a segment of DNA on a chromosome.
Lesson 3

6. Lesson 3 The Structure of DNA (cont.)
DNA is shaped like a twisted ladder which is referred to as a double helix.
Lesson 3

7. The Structure of DNA (cont.)
A nucleotide is a molecule made of a nitrogen base, a sugar, and a phosphate group

8. The nitrogen bases, adenine (A), cytosine (C), thymine (T), and guanine (G), bond and form the rungs of the ladder.
The order of (sequence)the ACTG’s makes all living things what they are

9. A and T always bond together, and C and G always bonds together.
Perfect Pairs!!!
A and T always bond together, and C and G always bonds together.

10. Replication is the process of copying a DNA molecule to make another DNA molecule.

11. Making Proteins
The DNA of each cell carries the complete set of genes that provide instructions for making all the proteins a cell requires.
Proteins are made with the help of ribonucleic acid (RNA)—a type of nucleic acid that carries the code for making proteins from the nucleus to the cytoplasm.

12. is made of nucleotides and is single- stranded.
RNA:
is made of nucleotides and is single- stranded.
has the base uracil (U) instead of thymine (T)
RNA is a “quick copy” of DNA to send it to the ________________ where proteins are made.

14. Transcription—the process of making RNA from DNA— is the first step in making a protein.
Lesson 3

15. The process of making a protein from RNA is called translation.
click on image for video of this process

17. Quick Review 1.Going from DNA to RNA is called what?
2. Proteins are made in what structure?
3. Proteins are a chain of what?
4. Going from RNA to a Protein is called what?

18. Mutations: SWBAT Define the term “genetic mutation”
Explain what causes mutations
Describe how a mutation might affect an organism

19. Mutations mutation from Latin mutare, means “to change”
A change in the nucleotide sequence of a gene is called a mutation.
mutation
from Latin mutare, means “to change”

20. Mutations (cont.)
The 46 human chromosomes contain between 20,000 and 25,000 genes that are copied during replication.
Mutations can be triggered by exposure to X-rays, ultraviolet light, radioactive materials, and some kinds of chemicals.

21. There are several types of mutations
There are several types of mutations. Three types of mutations are substitution, insertion, and deletion.
Lesson 3

22. Any permanent change in a gene or a chromosome of a cell is called a mutation
May or may not be life threatening
If it is a good mutation it will
make the organism more
successful (Ex. MRSA)

23. Human Mutations
Hypertriochosis
Progeria (11 yrs old)

24. Proteus Syndrome
Ectrodactyly

25. Genes and Mutation
Genes control the traits you inherit (from your parents)
If there is a mutation or change of the gene you will see a change in how an organism looks (phenotype)

26. The Chernobyl disaster was a catastrophic nuclear accident that occurred on 26 April 1986 at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant in Ukraine. An explosion and fire released large quantities of radioactive particles into the atmosphere, which spread over much of the western USSR and Europe.

27. Genetic Disorder: a condition that results from a defect or mutation in an individual’s genes

28. Genetic Disorders cont...
Down Syndrome

29. Color Blindness

30. Cystic Fibrosis

31. Hemophilia

32. PKU - Phenylketonuria
Birth defect that causes the excess build on of the amino acid phenylalanine causing varying levels of intellectual disabilities. These babies need to be put on a special diet that avoids proteins with this amino acid!

33. Sickle Cell
“Normal” Blood smear

34. Turner Syndrome

35. ALS ( amyotrophic lateral sclerosis) AKA- Lou Gehrig’s Disease

36. Review Define the term “genetic mutation.”
Explain what causes mutations.
What are four examples of genetic disorders?

37. Genetic Engineering
There are many “good” traits out in the world. Why not use them?
Genetic Engineers do exactly that. They take desirable genes and insert them into other organisms to create transgenic organisms with the desirable trait.

38. Here is one way to do it...
1- The protein insulin is needed by people who are diabetic. The drug is expensive and hard to come by. So scientists isolated the gene for human insulin.
2- They insert that gene into bacterial DNA known as a plasmid. They cut it open (using enzymes) and insert the gene and then close the circular plasmid.

39. 3- The bacteria then do what comes natural
3- The bacteria then do what comes natural. They reproduced by mitosis and binary fission. In undergoing mitosis they create many. many copies of both the bacterial and human genes. These bacteria are technically transgenic as they have both human and bacterial genes!
4- Finally we “harvest” all the human insulin proteins that the many many bacteria created. Diabetic humans can then take this insulin to help them with their disease.

41. Applications….
1- Genetic Engineering when used on microorganisms help in the creation of new pharmaceuticals which cannot be made in any other way. (human insulin)
2- Genetic engineering helps in the process of bio-remediation which is the process of cleaning up waste and pollution with the help of living organisms.
3- Genetic engineering has helped lower the overall usage of herbicide and pesticide.
4- Genetic engineering has helped with the production of vaccines and other drugs in plants.

42. 5- Genetic engineering has produced very useful genetically modified breeds which can tolerate factory farming without any suffering. (AKA cow lives a blissful life before we eat it)
6- In humans, genetic engineering is used to treat genetic disorders and cancer. It also helps in supplying new body parts.
7- Genetic engineering has the potential of creating new types of human beings with many advantageous traits.
8- Certain bacterial sequences are manipulated to transform waste into ethanol, so that it can be used as a fuel!!!

43. Review:
1. What is a transgenic organism? Can you think of an example of one?
2. How can genetic engineering help out humans in the medical field?
3. Be a skeptic! This must be too good to be true!!! Think about some possible negative of genetic engineering?

44. Mutations (cont.)
How do changes in the sequence of DNA affect traits?

45. DNA is a complex molecule that contains the code for an organism’s genetic material.

46. RNA carries the codes for making proteins.

47. An organism’s nucleotide sequence can change through the deletion, insertion, or substitution of nitrogen bases.

48. Review
Which of the following describes an error made during the copying of DNA?
A. transcription
B. replication
C. translation
D. mutation

49. DNA and Genetics DNA contains an organism’s genetic information.
RNA carries the codes for making proteins from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. RNA also forms part of ribosomes.
A change in the sequence of DNA, called a mutation, can change the traits of an organism.

50. Review
Which of the following describes the process of making a protein from RNA?
A. translation
B. transcription
C. replication
D. mutation

51. Review In DNA, which of the following is true?
A. adenine bonds with guanine
B. cytosine bonds with adenine
C. thymine bonds with adenine
D. none of the above

52. Review What is the product of replication? A. DNA B. RNA C. mRNA
D. proteins

53. Lesson 3 Review What is created through transcription? A. DNA
B. mutations
C. mRNA
D. protein
Lesson 3

54. Lesson 3 Review In DNA, which of the following is paired with guanine?
A. adenine
B. cytosine
C. thymine
D. uracil
Lesson 3

55. Review
Which of the following describes the mutation that occurs when three base pairs are added?
A. insertion
B. substitution
C. transgression
D. deletion
Lesson 3