1. The student will identify the ideological, military, and diplomatic aspects of the American Revolution.
Standard 4

2. a. Explain the language, organization, and intellectual sources of the Declaration of Independence; include the writing of John Locke and the role of Thomas Jefferson.

3. Declaration of Independence
One of the most important documents in American history
Thomas Jefferson wrote the first draft
Then made revisions suggested by John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, and others
It addressed a worldwide audience
Its language was made simple and direct so people everywhere would understand and sympathize with the colonists’ cause

4. Declaration of Independence
Borrowed phrases from the writings of John Locke
Repeated legal arguments made by Charles de Montesquieu
Helped convince readers that American independence was supported by the ideas of important philosophers and legal thinkers

5. Declaration of Independence
It explains the philosophical and legal reasons for seeking independence from Britain
Also gives examples of how King George III had violated the rights of the colonists

6. Declaration of Independence
Offers a discussion of the Americans’ many unsuccessful attempts to get relief from Britain
Ends with the conclusion that the only way for Americans to have their rights restored is to restore them themselves by declaring independence
And controlling their own government

8. b. Explain the reason for and significance of the French alliance and foreign assistance and the roles of Benjamin Franklin and the Marquis de Lafayette.

9. French Alliance A turning point in the war Benjamin Franklin
France decides to support America
Benjamin Franklin
Served as the American ambassador to France
Convinced French to form a military alliance
Agreed to wage war against Britain until America gained independence

10. French Alliance Britain now faced an American and a European war
Britain would need to pull troops out of America
French support for America was personified in the Marquis de Lafayette
Commanded American troops
Fought battles in many states
Returned to France to help with planning on how to win the war

11. c. Analyze George Washington as a military leader; include the creation of a professional military and the life of a common soldier, and describe the significance of the crossing of the Delaware River and Valley Forge.

12. George Washington At the beginning of the American Revolution
George Washington was named commander- in- Chief of the Continental Army
He displayed extraordinary leadership abilities

13. George Washington Washington: Reorganized the army
Secured additional equipment and supplies
Started a training program
To turn inexperienced recruits into a professional military

14. Continental Army For the common soldier, life was hard
Enlistments lasted from one to three years
The states differed in how well and how often they;
Paid their soldiers
Housed them when they were not on the march
Supplied them with food, clothing, and equipment
These issues undermined morale, as did:
The army’s stern discipline
The chances of being wounded or killed
British victories.

15. The American Revolution

16. American Military Strengths and Weaknesses
Familiarity of home ground
Leadership of George Washington and other officers
Inspiring cause of the independence
Most soldiers untrained and undisciplined
Shortage of food and ammunition
Inferior navy
No central government to enforce wartime policies

17. British Military Strengths and Weaknesses
Strong, well-trained army and navy
Strong central government with available funds
Support of colonial Loyalists and Native Americans
Large distance separating Britain from battlefields
Troops unfamiliar with terrain
Weak military leaders
Sympathy of certain British politicians for the American cause

18. Lead-In to War (1763-1774) End of the Seven Years War Stamp Act
AKA – The French and Indian War
Caused Britain to tax the colonists
Stamp Act
1st direct tax on the colonist
Not received well
British troops occupy Boston
To enforce the Townshend Act
To clamp down on radicals
Boston Massacre (The incident on King Street)

19. Lead-In to War (1763-1774) Committees of Correspondence established
Coordinate American response to British colonial policy
Important move toward cooperation and a national identity
Britain tries to intimidate Massachusetts
Coercive Acts (Intolerable Acts)
Closes the port of Boston
Causes other colonies to show sympathy

20. Independence Declared (1775-1777)
Lexington and Concord
British command heard rumor of munitions stored in Concord
Also heard John Hancock and Samuel Adams were in Lexington
British troops marched to Lexington through Concord

21. Independence Declared
Minutemen are waiting for the British
Minutemen and civilian soldiers
‘The Shot Heard Around the World’
Militia is leaving a someone shoots
British open fire and killing 8 and wounding 10 more
Battle lasted only 15 minutes

22. Independence Declared
Battle of Concord
No munitions were found
British march back to Boston
3-4,000 minutemen were waiting for the British
Fall by the dozens
Militia firing from behind stone walls, etc…

24. Independence Declared
Britain forms an alliance with slaves
Freedom to any slave who makes it to British lines
Tens of thousands support British
Some will fight on the patriots side

25. Independence Declared
Battle of Bunker Hill (Breeds Hill)
This is the first major action of the war
Colonial soldiers hold off the British of more than two hours at Breeds Hill
Colonial men are forced to abandon both hills
Bunker Hill over looks Boston
Of the 2,200 Red-Coats, 1,000 die or are wounded

30. Independence Declared
Declaration of Independence
Adopted by the Second Continental Congress
King George III isn’t willing to let his subjects go without a fight
Americans’ primary allegiance is to their states
Nationalism will grow slowly

31. Independence Declared
On Christmas night 1776, Washington led his troops across the Delaware River
To stage a surprise attack on a fort
Battle at Trenton
This victory proved Washington’s army could fight as well as an experienced European army
This would prove to be a victory that was a turning point for America

35. War in the North (1777-1778) Saratoga
The British wanted to separate New England from the southern colonies
Militiamen attacked him on and off all the way to New York
By the time they got there, they were battered
American troops surrounded the British at Saratoga and the British surrendered
The British would no longer attack inland
Away from the big guns of their navy

36. War in the North The British occupy Philadelphia
Washington and his troops spent the winter of 1777–1778 in Valley Forge, Pennsylvania
They spend six months there and deal with problems:
Wages, housing, food, clothing and equipment were at their worst
Disease spread throughout the camp, increasing the suffering of the 12,000 men

37. War in the North Valley Forge
As conditions worsened, almost 4,000 soldiers were too weak or ill to fight
Washington ordered an intense training program
Like a modern boot camp
It turned the Continental Army into a capable and self-assured infantry

38. War in the North Turning Point in the War
The victory at Saratoga helped the French trust the American military
They join forced with the Americans
France would not make peace with Britain until they agreed to recognize American independence

39. Southern Campaign ( )
The war has become a stalemate in both New York and Pennsylvania
In the South, the British get a large victory in Charleston, S.C.
This is one of the worst defeats of the war
This is part of a British strategy to hang onto the southern colonies

41. Southern Campaign Battle at the Cowpens
Continental soldiers and patriot militia defeat British forces at Cowpens
This victory helps convince people that the British southern strategy can be countered

45. Southern Campaign
American strategy becomes to fight the British on ground of their choosing
With-out winning a single clear-but victory, General Greene wears down the British Army
He uses hit-and-run tactics

47. d. Explain the role of geography at the Battle of Yorktown, the role of Lord Cornwallis, and the Treaty of Paris, 1783.

48. Southern Campaign Battle of Yorktown
Fought by a joint force of French and American soldiers
The British are trapped on Virginia’s Yorktown peninsula
They are unable to evacuate or receive reinforcements

49. Southern Campaign The French Navy had driven off the British fleet
This causes General Cornwallis is forced to surrender
New York and Charleston remain in the hands of the British until a peace treaty is signed
Takes two years
The war for American independence is over

52. Lord Cornwallis
The British planned to counter the French-American alliance
General Charles Cornwallis was to move the war to the southern states
To try to separate those colonies from revolutionary forces in the North
He had some immediate success
Americans prevented a complete victory in the South
Cornwallis then pursues them into Virginia

53. Marquis de Lafayette British troops were attacked by Lafayette
The combined French and American armies
And a French fleet  

54. Aftermath (1782-1787) Loyalists start to leave the colonies
Many are now in Canada (families)
Native Americans are pushed farther west

55. Aftermath Treaty of Paris (1773) Ended the American Revolutionary War
The United States won its independence from Great Britain and gained control of land stretching to the Mississippi River
Britain ceded Florida to Spain and certain African and Caribbean colonies to France