New materials Biodegradable Starch Based Polymers Precious Metal Clays

New materials Biodegradable Starch Based Polymers Precious Metal Clays
Quantum tunnelling composites (QTC) Carbon Fibre Foamed Metals Flexible MDF and Plywood Polymorph Maplex Microfibres

Biodegradable starch based polymers

Biodegradable starch based polymers
Most plastics are made from oil and do not biodegrade quickly. ‘Biodegradable’ polymers are made from corn or potato starch and biodegrade quickly. ‘Biodegradable polymers do not give off fumes when burned and break down naturally in the ground, reducing environmental impact. ‘Biodegradable’ polymers are now used to make shopping bags, food trays, bottles, picnic cutlery & sanitary products like babies nappies & disposable gloves. Biodegradable corn starch plastic lid for a drink cup biodegradable bags

Precious Metal Clays (PMC)

Precious Metal Clays Precious metal clays are primarily used in the jewellery industry. PMC is ‘workable’ like clay and made of 99.9% fine silver or gold particles, with a small amount of clay binder and water. Conventional modelling tools (scalpels, files) can be used to create the desired shape as if working with moist clay. Once complete the product is air dried it can be filed into a shape. Once shaped it is then fired in a kiln at 800ºC, evaporating the water and clay binder until the metal particles fuse together forming a solid metal shape. Once the product is complete it can be soldered, enamelled and polished, like any other metal PMC ring

Dichroic glass

Dichroic glass The term Dichroic means two colours.
It has a transmitted colour (the solid colour you see when you look through it) and a different reflected colour (based on a metal oxide on the surface). This glass is coated with micro thin layers of metal oxides. The types of colours reflected by glass is dependent on the types of metal oxides used, but when the glass is viewed from different angles, the reflected colours appear to change. This material was originally developed by NASA for space applications in reflective helmet visors, window coatings and reflective surfaces on satellites. This type of glass is also used to form mirrors in a Laser that allow it to aim and refine the size of the beam, and also in two tone colour jewellery. See Dichroic colour changing glass Dichroic glass – how its made Glass & Dichroic glass jewellery

Quantum tunnelling composites

Quantum Tunnelling Composites (QTC’s)
QTC’s are metal filled plastic switches which when squashed change from an insulator to a conductor allowing current to flow. QTC switches can be stitched onto fabric outfits, to create ‘touch’ or ‘pressure’ sensitive switches, providing control over an electronic product in a pocket that is connected to the switches via wires inside the sleeve. Sleeve mounted QTC switches for a portable electrical device (mobile phone, ipod etc) are easily accessible, keeping the product tucked in a pocket. The whole fabric garment can be flexed and washed without damaging any parts of the QTC switches or wires. What is QTC Motorola Burton Audex jacket with QTC

‘Carbon Fibre & CFRP’

Carbon fibre Carbon Fibre is widely used to make lightweight strong products, with excellent ‘strength to weight’ ratios (very strong for their weight). Carbon fibre sheet is a lightweight, interwoven flexible sheet, often pre-impregnated (pre coated) with an epoxy resin glue (thermosetting plastic). When Carbon fibre sheet is glued into rigid shapes using thermosetting plastic glues, it is called CFRP (Carbon Fibre Reinforced Plastic) Pure carbon is an extremely ‘hard’ material (scratch and cut resistant, although in sheet form it is flexible. To set flexible carbon fibre sheets into a rigid shape e.g. a Formula 1 car body, it is placed in a mould, and sealed in a vacuum able bag. The bagged up product is then placed in a sealed pressure chamber (called an Autoclave) for 8 hours at 170ºC, which causes the resin to cure, setting the fibre into the new shape

Common Carbon Fibre Reinforced Plastic products
Lightweight tennis / squash rackets. Lotus racing bike Oakley sunglasses. Airbus A320 Fuselage. Fishing rods. Carbon fibre ‘F1’ racing car bodies Iphone protective case Watch CFRP to make a an F1 racing car Watch iphone case advert Jet man – Carbon fibre wing

Famous uses of Carbon fibre
Lotus Super bike This helped British rider, Chris Boardman win Gold at Barcelona 1992 Olympics. Bikes at the time were heavier made of aluminium alloy. The Lotus Bike was made by laminating flexible Carbon fibre sheets with resin over two separate halves of a wooden mould. The moulds were removed and each carbon fibre half was bonded together with more carbon fibre sheets over the join. The super light bike was hollow framed, had a ‘wing-like’ front edges to the frame and wheel spokes making it aerodynamic. Chris Boardman in 1992 Olympics The rider, bike and helmet were also tested in a wind tunnel at British Aerospace as part of the product development. The helmet was designed to allow air to flow over the rider for increased speed.

Metal foams

Metal foams Foamed Aluminium has a similar appearance to EPS (Expanded Polystyrene) or the inside of a chocolate ‘Aero’ bar or a ‘Malteser’ chocolate. They are not dense and much lighter than solid Aluminium sheets. These sheets can be sandwiched between two thin solid sheets of Aluminium to give the appearance of a solid thick sheet, yet being ‘foam like’ inside, they are very light. These sheets are often used as non corrosive, lightweight ‘panels’ on the exterior of high rise buildings. Three advantages of foamed Aluminium is it is lightweight, absorbs impact as energy is transmitted around the thousands of foamed cell walls inside the sheet, ideal for military vehicle bodies, that have to withstand bomb blasts, and it is also heat resistant. Impact absorbing and heat resistant foamed aluminium.

Questions

Question Why are new biodegradable plastics better for the environment than oil based plastics ? They do not use valuable, non renewable fossil fuels. Biodegradable plastics break down naturally in 1- 2 years. If incinerated they do not give off toxic fumes.

Question What are new biodegradable plastics made from ? Corn or potato starch

What metals are available as Precious metal clays?
Questions What metals are available as Precious metal clays? Gold, Silver

What malleable material are PMC’s like?
Questions What malleable material are PMC’s like? Clay

Questions How are PMC’s worked?
By hand – much like moist clay – it can also be carved or filed when dry

Questions What sets the PMC to turn it into a hard piece of jewellery?
Firing in a kiln at 800ºC or heating with a gas torch

Quantum Tunnelling composites
Questions What does QTC stand for? Quantum Tunnelling composites

Questions How do QTC’s work?
Electrical conducting metal filled polymers woven into fabric which allow an electric current to flow when squashed.

Questions How is the smart phone or ipod used in a qtc jacket.
What are the benefits to a consumer of owning a ski jacket with QTC? Ipod / phone stays in pocket, and connects to QTC wiring. Keypad on sleeve of jacket is used to select songs User can enjoy more skiing and less time with their hands in their pockets

Questions What material is used to make these products? Carbon fibre

Questions What special properties does carbon fibre have that makes it so useful in these products? Lightweight but very strong (excellent strength to weight ratio), Hard Tough Chemical resistant Corrosion resistant Eazsily formed into complex shapes

What metal is now being ‘foamed’?
Question What metal is now being ‘foamed’? Aluminium

Question What are the ‘weight and material advantages’ of foamed aluminium sheet compared to a conventional aluminium sheet of the same thickness Lighter, less aluminium used

Question What are the benefits of using foamed aluminium for army personnel carrier vehicle panels? Lighter bodies that absorb impact better – protecting soldiers

New Manufactured boards -
‘Flexible MDF’

https://youtu.be/QJY6b1CYius
Flexible MDF Conventional MDF is a stiff manufactured board in 6, 9,12,15,18 & 25mm thicknesses. Flexible MDF is a recent development that makes it easy to form curved shapes. Grooves are cut (approx ¾ of the thickness) into the board that allow it to bend. As with standard size manufactured boards, flexible mdf is also available in 2.4m long x 1.2m wide (8ft x 4ft) sheets & 6 or 8mm thicknesses. The more mdf sheets that are laminated together, the stiffer a curved object will be, as in Michael Wallis’ product. Slots are always hidden on the inside of the product and hardwood veneers, and paints can be applied to improve the finish. Michael Wallis (AS) 2008 Flexible mdf

‘Flexible Plywood’

https://youtu.be/c30fwtSCvuA
Flexible Plywood Plywood is generally a stiff manufactured board. ‘Flexible Plywood’ allows curved shapes to be made, with a natural wood grain on the outside allowing easy staining or varnishing. ‘Flexi-ply’ as it is sometimes termed, comes in standard sheets made up of 3 layers of laminated veneer, that allow it to bend. Flexi ply As with flexible mdf, the more laminated flexi-ply sheets, the stiffer a curved object will be, however this material is not strong and may need extra support to maintain its shape. Because Flexible plywood is not strong, & snaps easily, it is only used to make low strength curves in interior design and shop fitting. Will Newman (AS) 2006 made a chair with this but it wasn’t very strong.

Flexible ‘Aero ply’

Aeroply ‘Aeroply’ is a high quality, thin, flexible plywood that is made up of 3 extremely thin veneers, each often less than 0.5mm thick. ‘Aeroply’, is very thin being only 1.5mm and is much stronger than ‘flexi-ply’ and flexible MDF as the outer veneers are a much higher quality hardwood. As with flexible mdf and flexi-ply, the more sheets of laminated aeroply, the stiffer a curved object will be. This material was originally used in the aircraft industry, for the outer skin. Today it is often used to make thin structurally strong furniture.

Polymorph

Polymorph Polymorph is a thermoplastic granular material with a very low melting point of 62 degrees. The polymorph is then removed from the hot water, and squeezed into a shape. Once cool, it sets into the new shape. Cooled palm shape Polymorph granules By pouring hot water, more than 62 degrees on to the material, it will soften, turn transparent, and start to gel together. If the shape is not as desired, it can be reheated, and remoulded, as it is a thermoplastic.

Polymorph An example of a ‘Batch produced’ handle
Polymorph is removed and squeezed together to make a dough like mass Polymorph is heated with 62°C+ water Polymorph placed in CNC routered ergonomic mould and compressed. Excess is trimmed off and the ergonomic handle fitted to a screwdriver blade Watch clip about polymorph

Polymorph A similar material to Polymorph is currently being used to make ergonomically moulded casts to hold broken bones in place ! Jack Routly’s broken thumb was placed in a thermoplastic (like Polymorph) cast. The thermoplastic sheet was cut to the correct size, heated in 60ºC hot water and then moulded around his hand, as it cooled it set rigid and stiff.

Manufactured boards - ‘Maplex’

Maplex Maplex is a relatively new material and has been designed to replace MDF. It is different because it does not use potentially harmful and toxic thermosetting resins to bond the tiny wood fibres together as MDF does. Instead Maplex is made by compressing wood fibres together at very high pressures. Maplex can be worked easily (cut, and smoothed to a fine finish), just like mdf and there are some grades that can be bent. Maplex is also totally biodegradable and recyclable, because it does not use non biodegradable Urea formaldehyde resin.

Microfibres

Microfibres These are very fine polymer-based fibres usually made from polyamide or polyester, designed to mimic the microstructures in nature. These fibres are 60 times thinner than a human hair which allows them to be woven into very fine meshes for fabrics. Because these meshes are so fine, they can prevent wind and rain drops passing through the fabric, but at the same time, still allow perspiration (in the form of water vapour) to pass through. Many modern clothes uses micro fibres, especially sports and outdoor pursuits clothing. microfiber how it works microfiber jackets at the beach

Questions

Question What is this manufactured board called?
Flexible MDF with a hardwood veneer

Question Which side is normally used for the exposed side of a product? Smooth face

Question This product was made using flexible MDF. How were the slotted edges concealed? Gluing a thin veneer

What is the standard size of a manufactured board?
Question What is the standard size of a manufactured board? 8 x 4 ft or 1.2m x 2.4m

Question This chair was made by Will Newman. What two types of plywood sheet could be used? Flexible plywood or Aero ply

Question Which flexible plywood is the strongest – ‘Aero ply’ or ‘Flexi-ply’? Aero-ply

Question How many veneers are there in a Flexible plywood or Aeroply sheet? 3

Question When purchasing ‘flexible plywood’ sheet, what is the thinnest sheet available ? 6 mm

Question What is flexible plywood best for ?
Low strength construction work eg curved parts to a shop counter

Question Aeroply veneers are different to flexible plywood veneers,
how ? Extremely thin (less than 1mm)

Question What is ‘Aero-ply's’ strength like in relation to ‘flexible plywood’ if it is bent ? Much stronger – it bends but resists snapping

Question Aeroply was originally used for aircraft skins. What is it commonly used for today? Jewellery and laminated, curved furniture

Question Many tool handles have ergonomic handles to fit the hand better. What thermoplastic material could be used to make handles that exactly match the contours of a consumer’s hand? polymorph

Question How do you turn this granular polymorph into this ergonomic handle? Heat it to 62ºC in water, squash the malleable grains into a dough, form a grip and let it cool

Question If you weren’t happy with shape of the thermoplastic polymorph handle once it was cooled, could you reshape it again with further heating? Yes

Question What is this material going to take over from? MDF

Question What are the health benefits of this material over MDF?
No toxic, harmful resins bonding the wood fibres in the sheet

Question What are the environmental benefits of this material over MDF? Recyclable

Question What size are Micro fibres in relation to a human hair?
60 times thinner

Question Why are micro fibres so useful for outdoor sports wear in rain? Micro Fibre is fine enough to not allow water drops through

Question How does the micro fibre construction improve the comfort of the user in extreme physical exertion? Allows perspiration (water vapour) through to keep the person cool

‘Smart’ materials Topics Covered:- Smart Textiles
Photo chromic pigments Thermo chromic pigments Thermo chromic film Phosphorescent pigments Shape Memory alloys (SMAs) Nanotechnology

Smart materials are: Materials whose ‘physical property’ changes because of changes in an input e.g. They may change due to heat They may change due to UV light / darkness They may change due to electrical or physical inputs

Smart textiles

Photo chromic pigments

Smart textiles Smart textiles and fabrics react to their environments.
Photochromic pigments in textile paints change colour in reaction to UV light, as shown in the letter ‘L’ under a UV flashlight. These Photo chromic pigments change colour when they are exposed to UV light showing the ship image. The Photo chromic pigments could be used on children’s clothing to warn parents when UV light intensity is rising during the day, and they need to put extra sun block on. T shirts with photochromic pigments

Photo chromic pigments
Photo chromic pigments can be put on a variety of products like self darkening car windows, to protect children from UV light in the back of cars. Photo chromic pigments can also be used in sunglasses, like the ‘Transition’ brand – which darken in direct sunlight protecting the eyes from UV light. Simulating UV light on clip on sunglasses Photo chromic prototypes Specsavers advert Click ‘play’

Thermo chromic pigments

Thermo chromic pigments
These change colour in reaction to temperature. In 2001 Russell Hobbs invented the Thermo colour kettle. As the kettles heats up, the casing turns from blue (when cold) to pink (when hot). A Good safety feature is that it warns children and adults that it is hot. It also allows consumers to see if water is still hot enough to make a second hot drink without reheating the kettle – thus saving the consumer energy costs. Tommy Tippee make plastic bowls & spoons for babies that are pink when cold and bright yellow if food/drink is too hot and could scald. Thermo chromic pigments are even used in ‘adult’ ironing board covers – no credits for guessing what happens ! colour changing cups colour changing mask colour changing cars See sample

Thermo chromic film

Thermo chromic film When incorporated in a thin film they will change colour in reaction to heat. When warm hands were placed on this sheet, the sheet changed to a blue colour. You can also change the colour of this sheet by using electricity to heat a fine wire. When an electric current passes through the wire, it tries to restrict the flow of the current and the wire warms up. When the sheet cooled, the sheet turned black again. As the wire warms, the sheet changes colour, and when the current is off, the sheet turns black again.

Thermo chromic film - Uses
Thermo chromic ink is used on Duracell batteries. The current heats up the strip, which indicates battery life. This sheet can be used as a babies thermometer. The temperature shown is 27 degrees. Thermo chromic film is used on frozen goods during transit. If frozen throughout journey, ‘OK’ is visible. If the product defrosted slightly during transit, the ‘OK’ would be blurred or would disappear. This animation shows how the temperature bar changes with heat. Plastic film thermometer

Phosphorescent pigments

Phosphorescent materials ‘Glow’ in the dark. These were developed to replace older ‘radioactive’ phosphorescent that was used on early ‘glow in the dark’ watch faces. These are ceramic based materials that absorb light energy in the day and re-emit this when it is dark. Phosphorescent pigments are available in powder form and can be mixed with acrylic paint, to paint on objects, like moon and star pictures on children's walls. Phosphorescent pigments can even be used to make glow in the dark underwater night time fishing lures and glow in the dark contact lenses.

The white arrow glows in the dark. The white background is covered with phosphorescent paint. Common uses Question: What else could this light sensitive pigment be used for ? The white writing glows in the dark. The white hands and dots glow in the dark.

Shape Memory alloys (SMA)

Shape memory alloys (SMA)
These alloys are made from nickel and titanium and are designed to work in a particular way when they are bent or due to heat. Many new products are designed using SMA’s. Once the SMA product is made it is heat treated, which gives the special alloy a ‘Memory’. Some SMA product’s are designed so that if accidentally bent, they will quickly spring back to their original shape immediately at room temperature. These types of very springy elastic like SMA’s are called ‘Super elastic alloys’. This pair of ‘Memoflex’ glasses if crushed, will quickly bounce back to their memory shape at room temperature because they are super elastic.

Some SMA alloys, like ‘Nitinol wire’, will ‘react’ to heat, by changing their shape, reverting back to their ‘Memory’ shape. This wire can be twisted, It remains twisted when cold. When immersed in hot water, the alloy remembers it’s memory and returns back to the original shape Nitinol wire in action

‘Nitinol’ wire is a common SMA that reacts to heat by changing shape or length. Here a 95cm length of Nitinol wire is attached to a weight. 95cm original length 95cm 100cm stretched length The weight stretches the wire to 100cm and now rests on a surface. When a current is passed through the wire, the wire gets hot, and it remembers it’s original ‘memory’ length and shortens by 5cm (5%), lifting the weight off the ground. When the current is removed, the wire cools and the weight stretches the wire back to 1 metre in .

‘Nitinol’ wire animation The weight stretches the wire beyond it’s ‘Memory’ length. When the current flows the wire warms up and remembers it used to be shorter (Memory length). The wire reacts by shrinking to its original Memory length lifting the weight. When the switch goes off, the wire cools and the weight stretches it out again.

‘Nitinol’ wire animation:- Another possible use

‘Nitinol’ wire animation:- This example shows how Nitinol wire could be used in remote control puppetry – possibly for movies. On a past exam paper, students were asked how you could make a green house window open and close automatically using a Smart material. By using heat reactive Nitinol wire, you could rig up a lever mechanism, that opened and closed a window based on temperature rises that affected the wire length in the greenhouse.

SMA Nitinol wire is often used in dentistry. The wire is originally short, but is stretched slightly (by 5%) before wrapping around teeth. The heat in the body warms the wire which remembers it’s shorter memory length and shortens, tightening on the teeth, sometimes causing them to ache.

SMA’s are used a lot in medicine. If somebody has a damaged or crushed artery, SMA wire tubes can be inserted into the artery to increase the diameter again. The original memory shape of this SMA wire mesh tube is larger than the damaged and collapsed artery. The SMA tube is compressed so it can be injected to fit inside the artery. Body heat causes the SMA to expand to it’s original ‘Memory’ size, pushing out the walls of the collapsed artery.

Staple returns to original shape (Red) This SMA staple is stretched apart, drilled and fitted into a broken bone (blue). Body heat causes the staple to remember its original shape & it tries to return to its memory shape (red) pulling the bones together to aid healing.

Questions and answers

Questions Smart materials react to what?
Heat, UV light, light and darkness

Questions Smart textiles change in relation to their environment.
What pigment is the boat design printed with to make it show up with heat not UV light? Thermo chromic pigments

Questions What pigment is used in the boat design if it shows up in direct UV light? Photochromic pigments

Questions Other than the T shirts, what other product uses photo chromic pigments to protect the consumer from UV light? Glasses

Questions What smart material reacts to heat by changing colour?
Thermo chromic pigments

Questions Name some products that use thermo chromic pigments that have increased benefits to the consumer? Russell Hobbs kettle – shows you it is still hot Tommy Tippee baby bowls &cups – prevents scalding Mugs – for fun and warning the contents are hot Car paints - for fun

Questions Name a saucy product that adds fun to chores around the house? Ironing board covers

Questions What smart material is used to make glow in the dark products? Phosphorescent pigments

Questions Name a product that uses phosphorescent pigments that has increased benefits to the consumer? Baby dummies Watch face dials Outdoor safety clothing Fire Exit signs

Questions What smart material are MEMOFLEX glasses made of?
SMA –super elastic alloy

Questions What happens to a SMA Nitinol wire when a current is passed through it after it has been stretched? Shortens in length

Questions What medical applications are there of using SMA alloys?
Shortening tooth braces Expanding artery tubes Shortening bone clamps

Smart materials in action
15 mins

Nanotechnology

Nanotechnology Miniaturisation is the term that describes making electronic components to very small e.g. making microchips that are small enough to be carried by an ant. Some microchips are as small as 1/1000th of a millimetre. Nano technology involves creating materials at an even smaller, ‘atomic’ level. In Nano technology, scientists use measurements in nanometres 1,000,000th of a millimetre, or 40,000 times smaller than the width of human hair). Nano technology involves rearranging individual atoms to create useful materials, & devices like the gears seen under an electron microscope. Scientists are hoping to work to a molecular level, which will be called ‘molecular nano technology’, where they will aim to make working machines that are smaller than a single cell. Intro to Nanotechnology

Products made using Nanotechnology
Vehicles Toyota uses Nano composites to help them make car bumpers & other car components. Nano technology helps Toyota make the bumpers 60% lighter & have increased resistance to denting by 100%. Nano technology used in car manufacture has environmental and financial benefits in that the lighter cars use less fuel and need repairing less frequently. Tiny pressure sensors made from nano materials can be used on air bag circuit boards that move under rapid deceleration making an air bag inflate even quicker.

Clothing Nano technology is now being used in clothing & shoes to increase stain resistance and durability. Nano particles can be bonded to the fabric, to create ‘hydrophobic fabric’ that repel liquids so they simply run off the surface rather than soaking in. Clothing retailers such as Gap and Dockers are using this technology to make stain resistant clothing, reducing the need for washing, saving water & the consumer money. Nanotechnology used to make stain resistant clothes Nanotechnology is also used to engineer compression (flatten resistant) foams for use in soles – so that they never lose their cushioning effect or go flat over time.

Electrical consumer goods Kodak, SONY, IBM and Nokia have recently developed colour screens from nano structured polymer. These films combine organic light emitting diodes (OLED’s) which give brightness, use little electricity & are lightweight to make flexible displays for use in mobile phones, PDA’s, lap tops & TV’s. 2007 SONY’s new OLED flexible polymer screen 2007 Nokia Nanotech OLED flexible mobile phone 2015 Samsung OLED wallpaper thick TV Hewlett-Packard and IBM are experimenting with nano technology in computer chips. These chips, known as NRAM (Non volatile Random Access Memory chips) allow computers to boot up instantly & use little energy to run. The chips remember how to run programmes & do not have to go through the usual booting up installation sequences and process data faster. Nano technology Cicret concept tablet wristband

Medical By manipulating calcium & phosphate at the molecular level, scientists have developed a substitute for natural bone. This can be used to make synthetic bone replacements for bone that has become too damaged to repair or has been removed. Nano filters have been developed that are so tiny, they can stop viruses & other biological agents. Paper Nano filters can be used to decontaminate polluted water in emergency situations. Nanotech water filters Nanotechnology paper for oil spills and water treatment? Scientists hope that in future it may be possible to make tiny machines small enough to go inside the human body and carry out surgery to remove tumours or give medicines. Nanotechnology robots the new surgery ? Intro to Nanotechnology in medicine

Further developments in micro fibres have meant that chemicals can be incorporated into fabrics, which is called ‘Micro-encapsulation’ These chemicals are held in tiny capsules that are attached to the fibres. During wear, the capsules gradually break releasing the chemicals (scents/perfumes, antiseptics, antibacterial). Bedding can be impregnated with chemicals for insomniacs, tights impregnated with chemicals for pain relief or insect repellents. Watch advert about insect shield

Questions and answers

Question What is Nano technology? Working with materials at an atomic level

Question How have Toyota used Nano technology in car design? Making car bumpers 60% lighter and 100% more impact resistant Making super reactive pressure sensors for air bags

Question Which clothing companies are using Nano technology in clothing? Gap Dockers

Question What are Gap and Dockers trying to create in their clothing ranges and why? Stain resistant clothing to save on washing powder, water and electricity

Question What were the benefits of using Nanotechnology foam in soles of running shoes? They do not flatten over time – thus keeping their cushioning effect

Question Kodak, IBM, Nokia are using Nano technology to develop colour screens from Nano structured polymer – what are these being used for? TV, mobile, lap top and PDA screens

Question What are the benefits of using Nano structured polymers in TV, Laptop, mobile and PDA screens? Extra brightness, low power consumption, thinner flexible screens

Question IBM and Hewlett Packard are making NRAM microchips using nano technology in computers– what are the benefits of these? Ultra fast computer boot up and lower energy consumption than current microchips and microprocessors

Question In the medical world, scientists have been able to manipulate phosphate & calcium at the molecular level –what have they been able to produce? Synthetic bones

Question Nano filters have recently been developed – what could these be used for? Filtering out contaminants like oil, arsenic, bacteria & viruses from water for use in emergencies

Question Using nano technology – what are scientists hoping to create to cure medical conditions or deal with cancer in future? Create tiny machines or robots to go inside the body, dealing with tumours, cancer & giving drugs directly at the scene

Question Tiny polymer coated capsules can be attached to fibres in clothing. What is this called? Micro encapsulation

Coating breaks releasing the contents
Question What happens to the tiny capsules during clothing wear? Coating breaks releasing the contents

Question What chemicals can be encapsulated in these tiny capsules ? Anti bacterial fluid, insect repellents, scents and perfumes, chemicals to aid sleep

New materials Biodegradable Starch Based Polymers Precious Metal Clays

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