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When I, Constantine Augustus, as well as I, Licinius Augustus, fortunately met near Mediolanurn (Milan), and were considering everything that pertained to the public welfare and security, we thought, among other things which we saw would be for the good of many, those regulations pertaining to the reverence of the Divinity ought certainly to be made first, so that we might grant to the Christians and others full authority to observe that religion which each preferred; whence any Divinity whatsoever in the seat of the heavens may be propitious and kindly disposed to us and all who are placed under our rule. And thus by this wholesome counsel and most upright provision we thought to arrange that no one whatsoever should be denied the opportunity to give his heart to the observance of the Christian religion, of that religion which he should think best for himself, so that the Supreme Deity, to whose worship we freely yield our hearts) may show in all things His usual favor and benevolence. Therefore, your Worship should know that it has pleased us to remove all conditions whatsoever, which were in the rescripts formerly given to you officially, concerning the Christians and now any one of these who wishes to observe Christian religion may do so freely and openly, without molestation. We thought it fit to commend these things most fully to your care that you may know that we have given to those Christians free and unrestricted opportunity of religious worship. When you see that this has been granted to them by us, your Worship will know that we have also conceded to other religions the right of open and free observance of their worship for the sake of the peace of our times, that each one may have the free opportunity to worship as he pleases; this regulation is made we that we may not seem to detract from any dignity or any religion. - The Edict of Milan, Constantine Augustus and Licinius Augustus, Milan, February 313CE
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The Greatest Empire of the West & the Greatest Influence of the U.S.
Rome The Greatest Empire of the West & the Greatest Influence of the U.S. Note direct influences Rome had on America today
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Timeline of Rome 27 BCE Octavian becomes 1st Emperor 509 BCE
Visigoths Sack Rome, outside invasions begin to become more frequent, including invasions from Attila the Hun all the way from Mongolia 98-180CE Pax Romana, 5 good emperors, almost 100 years of peace ‘All Roads Lead to Rome’ Appian Way is Built 312 BCE 73-71 BCE The Slave War of Spartacus 119CE Height of Roman Empire 509 BCE Rome Becomes a Republic 476CE Fall of the Roman Empire 33CE Jesus dies in Jerusalem Punic Wars BCE 60-44BCE Julius Caeser is in control of Rome CE Emperor Constantine 1st Emperor to embrace Christianity and moves capital to Byzantium 80CE Flavian Amphitheatre finishes construction (The Coliseum)
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Timeline of Rome 509 BCE Rome Becomes a Republic
27 BCE Octavian becomes 1st Emperor 410CE Visigoths Sack Rome, outside invasions begin to become more frequent, including invasions from Attila the Hun all the way from Mongolia 98-180CE Pax Romana, 5 good emperors, almost 100 years of peace ‘All Roads Lead to Rome’ Appian Way is Built 312 BCE 73-71 BCE The Slave War of Spartacus 119CE Height of Roman Empire 509 BCE Rome Becomes a Republic 476CE Fall of the Roman Empire 33CE Jesus dies in Jerusalem Punic Wars BCE 60-44BCE Julius Ceaser is in control of Rome CE Emperor Constantine 1st Emperor to embrace Christianity and moves capital to Byzantium 80CE Flavian Amphitheatre finishes construction (The Coliseum)
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The Republic of Rome Rome was ruled by a group of people
A group of people chosen to represent the public interest known as the Senate Centralized government in Rome Broke up territory into separate provinces Rule of provinces delegated to governors Twelve Tables System of laws that established common law throughout the territories of Rome
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Social Structure of Rome
Early Rome was divided into two groups Patricians Nobility - large landowners, social elites 10% of population “Patres” = father ruling class – Only ones who could be senators Plebeians Common people - craftsman, merchants, farmers 90% of the population “Plebes” = the masses Poor people of Rome Or, Foreigners whose land had been conquered by the Romans Could not marry a Patrician or hold office in government Slaves Not based on race or ethnicity Prisoners of war, criminals or people in a lot of debt Large population grew bigger over time Citizenship was very important in Rome Gave you the right to vote Was granted to people who’s lands were taken over by the Roman army Made conquered people feel apart of Rome
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Centralized Government
Locally Regionally Centrally Emperor runs whole empire One Governor in region w/ departments Many Officials for each City - work in departments performing government tasks Many Officials in Rural Areas work in departments performing government tasks Governors Focus on maintaining law, taxes, economy and building public works Officials enforce the law, taxes, economic regulations and design public works
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Roman Law Romans began a tradition of written law about 450 B.C.E., when they created the Twelve Tables. law that would apply to all peoples under Roman rule. They established the principle that defendants were innocent under proven guilty and they also had the right to challenge their accusers in a court of law. Like transportation and communication networks, Roman law helped to integrate diverse lands Roman law continued to shape Mediterranean and European society long after the empire had disappeared.
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Timeline of Rome ‘All Roads Lead to Rome’ Appian Way is Built 312 BCE
27 BCE Octavian becomes 1st Emperor 410CE Visigoths Sack Rome, outside invasions begin to become more frequent, including invasions from Attila the Hun all the way from Mongolia ‘All Roads Lead to Rome’ Appian Way is Built 312 BCE 98-180CE Pax Romana, 5 good emperors, almost 100 years of peace 73-71 BCE The Slave War of Spartacus 119CE Height of Roman Empire 509 BCE Rome Becomes a Republic 476CE Fall of the Roman Empire 33CE Jesus dies in Jerusalem Punic Wars BCE 60-44BCE Julius Caeser is in control of Rome CE Emperor Constantine 1st Emperor to embrace Christianity and moves capital to Byzantium 80CE Flavian Amphitheatre finishes construction (The Coliseum)
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“All Roads Lead to Rome”
Engineering Roads Connected the territories of Rome Key to Roman Economy Aqueducts Diverted water from far distances Fresh water free to the people Decreased disease in cities Architecture Arch Dome Columns
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Rome’s Early Road System
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Roman Roads: The Appian Way
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Imperial Roman Road System
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Timeline of Rome 73-71 BCE The Slave War of Spartacus
27 BCE Octavian becomes 1st Emperor 73-71 BCE The Slave War of Spartacus 410CE Visigoths Sack Rome, outside invasions begin to become more frequent, including invasions from Attila the Hun all the way from Mongolia 98-180CE Pax Romana, 5 good emperors, almost 100 years of peace ‘All Roads Lead to Rome’ Appian Way is Built 312 BCE 119CE Height of Roman Empire 509 BCE Rome Becomes a Republic 476CE Fall of the Roman Empire 33CE Jesus dies in Jerusalem Punic Wars BCE 60-44BCE Julius Caeser is in control of Rome CE Emperor Constantine 1st Emperor to embrace Christianity and moves capital to Byzantium 80CE Flavian Amphitheatre finishes construction (The Coliseum)
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Roman Economy Based on three essential elements Tribute Slavery Trade
Conquered people would have to pay taxes to Rome. Taxes would be annually and be paid with resources The more lands Rome conquered the richer it became
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Roman Economy Based on three essential elements Tribute Slavery Trade
Huge public work projects can be accomplished cheaply Massive amounts of wealth accumulate when labor cost $0 Needed 10,000 new slaves a year At its height 40% of the Roman workforce was slave labor Created massive unemployment
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Roman Economy Based on three essential elements Tribute Slavery Trade
Most important part of economy Controlled sea trade in the Mediterranean Sea System of Roads allowed trade over land throughout the Empire Silk Road connected Rome to Asia Luxury goods from all over the known world could be found in Rome
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Timeline of Rome 27 BCE Octavian becomes 1st Emperor 60-44BCE
Visigoths Sack Rome, outside invasions begin to become more frequent, including invasions from Attila the Hun all the way from Mongolia 98-180CE Pax Romana, 5 good emperors, almost 100 years of peace ‘All Roads Lead to Rome’ Appian Way is Built 312 BCE 73-71 BCE The Slave War of Spartacus 119CE Height of Roman Empire 509 BCE Rome Becomes a Republic 476CE Fall of the Roman Empire 60-44BCE Julius Caeser is in control of Rome 33CE Jesus dies in Jerusalem Punic Wars BCE CE Emperor Constantine 1st Emperor to embrace Christianity and moves capital to Byzantium 80CE Flavian Amphitheatre finishes construction (The Coliseum)
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Rome becomes and Empire
Rome grew too large for the Senate to control Armies were loyal to generals not to Rome Julius Caesar Very successful and popular general Marched his legion into Rome Declared ‘Caesar’ Took political control of Rome from the Senate Stabbed in the back by his own advisor His grandnephew, Octavian, took over as Caesar Establishing Absolute Rule in Rome The first Emperor of Rome Octavian was latter named Augustus, ‘The Revered One’
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Timeline of Rome 33CE Jesus dies in Jerusalem
27 BCE Octavian becomes 1st Emperor 410CE Visigoths Sack Rome, outside invasions begin to become more frequent, including invasions from Attila the Hun all the way from Mongolia 98-180CE Pax Romana, 5 good emperors, almost 100 years of peace ‘All Roads Lead to Rome’ Appian Way is Built 312 BCE 73-71 BCE The Slave War of Spartacus 119CE Height of Roman Empire 509 BCE Rome Becomes a Republic 33CE Jesus dies in Jerusalem 476CE Fall of the Roman Empire Punic Wars BCE 60-44BCE Julius Caeser is in control of Rome CE Emperor Constantine 1st Emperor to embrace Christianity and moves capital to Byzantium 80CE Flavian Amphitheatre finishes construction (The Coliseum)
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The Rise of Christianity
Began as a sect of Judaism in the Roman province of Judea Challenged Roman Society Monotheism v. Roman Gods Equality v. Roman hierarchy Independence v. Empire Idea of Salvation for everyone Very Popular for the masses (plebes) No privileges in society Promised life in eternal paradise
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Spread of Christianity
1) The Unity of the Roman world and the Pax Romana (Paul and others could travel and communicate with the early churches) 2) it is a syncretic religion (combined ideas from other religions) 3) it was young and dynamic 4) it had a moral code; it claimed to explain the existence of sin and evil, and it was exclusive and absolute 5) it had mystical and sacred rites 6) it appealed to the poor and the dispossessed 7) it had a sacred text (Old Testament/Torah and New Testament) and a history 8) it had an efficient hierarchical organization
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The Spread of Christianity
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Timeline of Rome 27 BCE Octavian becomes 1st Emperor 410CE Visigoths Sack Rome, outside invasions begin to become more frequent, including invasions from Attila the Hun all the way from Mongolia 98-180CE Pax Romana, 5 good emperors, almost 100 years of peace ‘All Roads Lead to Rome’ Appian Way is Built 312 BCE 73-71 BCE The Slave War of Spartacus 119CE Height of Roman Empire 509 BCE Rome Becomes a Republic 476CE Fall of the Roman Empire 33CE Jesus dies in Jerusalem Punic Wars BCE 60-44BCE Julius Caeser is in control of Rome CE Emperor Constantine 1st Emperor to embrace Christianity and moves capital to Byzantium 80CE Flavian Amphitheatre finishes construction (The Coliseum)
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Pax Romana 98 to 180 CE Means ‘Roman Peace’
5 good emperors created a time of peace and prosperity Came up with sort of welfare system Poor families were given funding to educate their children People were given free grain to eat and water to drink Created public works Aqueducts, Harbors, Roads, Bridges Theatres, Schools, Parks, Baths Population of Empire reaches 50 million people Over 1 million in the city of Rome
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Roman Aqueducts
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The Roman Colosseum
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Timeline of Rome 119CE Height of Roman Empire
27 BCE Octavian becomes 1st Emperor 410CE Visigoths Sack Rome, outside invasions begin to become more frequent, including invasions from Attila the Hun all the way from Mongolia 98-180CE Pax Romana, 5 good emperors, almost 100 years of peace ‘All Roads Lead to Rome’ Appian Way is Built 312 BCE 73-71 BCE The Slave War of Spartacus 119CE Height of Roman Empire 509 BCE Rome Becomes a Republic 476CE Fall of the Roman Empire 33CE Jesus dies in Jerusalem Punic Wars BCE 60-44BCE Julius Ceaser is in control of Rome CE Emperor Constantine 1st Emperor to embrace Christianity and moves capital to Byzantium 80CE Flavian Amphitheatre finishes construction (The Coliseum)
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Rome – 116CE Rome – 14CE Rome – 54CE Rome – 305CE Rome – 450CE
Rome – 44BCE Death of Julius Ceaser Rome – 14CE Death of Augustus Rome – 54CE Death of Claudius Rome – 305CE Diocletian breaks up empire into smaller regions so they are easier to manage Rome – 450CE At the time of Attila the Hun, Roman Empire split in two and subject to other Barbarian invasions Rome – 116CE Largest Size
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Crises of the 3rd Century
Political Problems Succession (22 emperors b/w 235 & 284) Military Problems Barbarian attacks Barbarization of the army Economic Problems Growing cost of defense Inflation Loss of resources Increased insecurity hurt trade Social Problems Loss of confidence Plague Decline of cities People felt no connection to rulers/only passive loyalty
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Diocletian’s Reforms Political Reforms Military Reforms
Divided empire into 2 parts with 2 co-emperors and 2 ceasars Decreased power of provincial governors Emphasized divine nature of the Emperor—called Lord Military Reforms Doubled size of army Began draft Created mobile field armies Rebuilt frontier fortifications Economic Reforms Direct requisition Issued a new currency Heavy taxes Froze wages & prices Persecuted Christians .
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Diocletian Splits the Empire in Two: 294 CE
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Early Christianity in Rome
Christianity as a Crime Consider a crime against the state for not believing the Emperor was a god. Christians were persecuted Crucified Fed to wild animals for public spectacle Had to be practiced in secret Message still spread Easy to travel and communicate throughout empire Christianity offered Romans facing a hard life in this world the promise of salvation and the hope of an eternal afterlife.
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Timeline of Rome 306-337CE Emperor Constantine
27 BCE Octavian becomes 1st Emperor 410CE Visigoths Sack Rome, outside invasions begin to become more frequent, including invasions from Attila the Hun all the way from Mongolia 98-180CE Pax Romana, 5 good emperors, almost 100 years of peace ‘All Roads Lead to Rome’ Appian Way is Built 312 BCE 73-71 BCE The Slave War of Spartacus 119CE Height of Roman Empire 509 BCE Rome Becomes a Republic 476CE Fall of the Roman Empire 33CE Jesus dies in Jerusalem Punic Wars BCE CE Emperor Constantine 1st Emperor to embrace Christianity 60-44BCE Julius Ceaser is in control of Rome 80CE Flavian Amphitheatre finishes construction (The Coliseum)
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Rome – Constantine 306 to 337CE
Unified Rome back under one Rule Moved Capital to more central point of Empire, Byzantium later renamed Constantinople Eastern Empire had more wealth Was where the action was Conversion to Christianity Needed way to help unify Rome Edict of Milan 313ce official toleration of Christianity First Emperor to convert to Christianity Christianity became the state religion Establishes Christianity throughout Europe
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Byzantium: The Eastern Roman Empire
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Timeline of Rome 476CE Fall of the Roman Empire
410CE Visigoths Sack Rome, outside invasions begin to become more frequent, including invasions from Attila the Hun all the way from Mongolia 27 BCE Octavian becomes 1st Emperor 98-180CE Pax Romana, 5 good emperors, almost 100 years of peace ‘All Roads Lead to Rome’ Appian Way is Built 312 BCE 73-71 BCE The Slave War of Spartacus 119CE Height of Roman Empire 476CE Fall of the Roman Empire 509 BCE Rome Becomes a Republic 33CE Jesus dies in Jerusalem Punic Wars BCE 60-44BCE Julius Ceaser is in control of Rome CE Emperor Constantine 1st Emperor to embrace Christianity and moves capital to Byzantium 80CE Flavian Amphitheatre finishes construction (The Coliseum)
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The Fall of Western Roman Empire 476CE
Internal issues The Roman Empire divided Two Capitals, Rome and Constantinople Over Expanded – Grew too big This made it harder to control and harder to defend Political corruption Bad Emperors Social unrest – people unhappy Economic crisis External issues Plague Outside invaders Rome gets sacked by Huns, Visigoths and Vandals With out the Roman Empire Christianity became the only thing that bonded people of Europe together
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Timeline of Rome 27 BCE Octavian becomes 1st Emperor 509 BCE
Visigoths Sack Rome, outside invasions begin to become more frequent, including invasions from Attila the Hun all the way from Mongolia 98-180CE Pax Romana, 5 good emperors, almost 100 years of peace ‘All Roads Lead to Rome’ Appian Way is Built 312 BCE 73-71 BCE The Slave War of Spartacus 119CE Height of Roman Empire 509 BCE Rome Becomes a Republic 476CE Fall of the Roman Empire 33CE Jesus dies in Jerusalem Punic Wars BCE 60-44BCE Julius Ceaser is in control of Rome CE Emperor Constantine 1st Emperor to embrace Christianity and moves capital to Byzantium 80CE Flavian Amphitheatre finishes construction (The Coliseum)
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Discussion Questions Why is Rome considered the greatest empire in Western Civilization? What factors made Rome great? How does the United States try to emulate the Roman Empire? What is the most lasting impact the Roman empire had on the world? Why did Rome fall? What factors led to the fall or Rome? Predict what will happen in Europe following the fall of Rome? Why do you think that is what happened?
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