1. Static Routing and Serial interfaces
1st semester

2. Outline 2 Static Routing Implementation
Chapter 6 2
Outline
Static Routing Implementation
Configure Static and Default Routes
Review of CIDR
Configure Summary and Floating Static Routes
Troubleshoot Static and Default Route Issues
Summary

3. Configuring router serial interfaces

4. Point-to-point WAN link
The simplest type of WAN link, also called a leased line or leased circuit.
Serial transmission means that the bits of a frame are transmitted one at a time over the physical medium.
In WANs, the serial connections are preferred because
Serial cables can be longer than parallel cables.
Synchronization easier than parallel connections.
Simpler wiring and less cost .
lightning-bolt line between R1 and R2, meaning that a point-to-point WAN link exists
the simplest type of WAN link, called a point-to-point WAN link . A point-to-point WAN link, also called a leased line , leased circuit, or WAN link, connects two devices over a WAN. Leased lines give the devices on each end (typically routers) the ability to send data to each other at the same time. Leased lines are also permanently installed, meaning that the devices can send data to each other at any time.
The definitions of DCE and DTE both bring up the topic of clocking , which is also known as synchronization . The serial links used between two routers typically use synchronous communication, which means that both routers on the ends of the leased line must use the exact same speed for sending and receiving bits. Building hardware that uses the exact same speed is expensive, because creating clocks that run at the exact same speed is expensive.
With WAN links, the clocks need to match exactly, so the two routers synchronize their clocks continually to make sure their clocks run at the same speed.
To synchronize the clocks on the serial interfaces of both routers on the ends of a serial link, a couple of things must happen
Point-to-point link uses
synchronous serial lines

5. Configuring Serial Interface
The basic configuration of a serial connection is no different than the other types of interfaces

6. Synchronous Communication
The serial links used between two routers typically use synchronous communication, which means that both routers on the ends of the leased line must use the exact same speed for sending and receiving bits.
Serial interfaces will usually be attached to a CSU/DSU type of device that provides clocking for the line.
Two routers can be made to think they have a leased line between them—without having an actual leased line from the telco—as long as the routers sit relatively close to each other. For example, when building a lab to use for this course, the routers typically sit in the same room. To install the equivalent of a WAN leased line between two routers’ serial interfaces, without having to pay any money to a telco, you can follow these steps
Serial interfaces will usually be attached to a CSU/DSU type of device that provides clocking for the line.
But if you have a back-to-back configuration (for example, one that’s used in a lab/classroom environment), on one end—the data communication equipment (DCE) end of the cable—must provide clocking.
Clocking typically provided by DCEs to routers.

7. Synchronous Communication
In the lab, to synchronize the clocks on the serial interfaces of both routers on the ends of a serial link, one end must provide clocking.
But if you have a back-to-back configuration (for example, one that’s used in a lab/classroom environment), on one end—the data communication equipment (DCE) end of the cable—must provide clocking.

8. Enable clocking on the router that is connected to the DCE cable
Setting the Clock Rate
The clock speed controls the speed at which data is sent over the connection in bits per second (bps).
By default, Cisco routers are all data terminal equipment (DTE) devices, so you must tell an interface to provide clocking if you need it to act like a DCE device. You configure a DCE serial interface with the clock rate command.
The DCE sets and controls the clock speed. So, in the case of a link from a service provider, the provider sets the clock speed, and when you connect to the external CSU/DSU, your serial port accepts the configuration.
In the case of a back-to-back cable, one of the routers plays the role of the DCE, and that device sets the clock speed for the connection. If you are implementing the same type of layout in a lab, check the cable and identify the DCE side of the cable
For two serial interfaces to communicate, you must provide the clock rate. The clock rate provides bit synchronization and has other uses that are beyond the scope of this chapter's purposes. The device that provides this clock rate is the data circuit-terminating equipment (DCE). The other device is denoted as the data terminal equipment (DTE). In the real world, the router is the DTE. The telecom equipment, such as the Frame Relay switch, is the DCE. Because the lab scenario bypasses the telecom equipment, you need to specify which router is the DTE and which one is the DCE; you also need to provide the clock rate. To bypass the telecom equipment, you need to directly connect the routers with a DTE–DCE crossover cable. Each end of this cable is labeled as DTE or DCE. Whichever router is plugged into the DCE end of the cable will need to provide the clock rate.
Enable clocking on the router that is connected to the DCE cable

9. Setting the Clock Rate
To find the clock rates that are available on a router

10. Let’s Build a Following Network

11. Static Routing 11 Cisco Networking Academy program Routing Protocols
Chapter 6: Static Routing
Static Routing

12. Static Routing Reach Remote Networks 12
Static Routing Reach Remote Networks
A router can learn about remote networks in one of two ways:
Manually - Remote networks are manually entered into the route table using static routes.
Dynamically - Remote networks are automatically learned using a dynamic routing protocol.

13. Static Routing Static route
A static route is created, maintained, and updated by a network administrator, manually.
A static route to every network must be configured on every router for full connectivity.
If there is no dynamic routing protocols

16. Static Routing Why Use Static Routing?
Advantage of static routing
It is most secure way of routing, since no information is shared with other routers.
It puts no overhead on resources such as CPU or memory.
No routing algorithm or update mechanisms are required. Therefore, extra resources (CPU and memory) are not required.
It is easy to implement. 16
Static Routing Why Use Static Routing?
Static routing provides some advantages over dynamic routing, including:
Static routes are not advertised over the network, resulting in better security.
Routers not share static routes with each other, thus reducing CPU/RAM overhead and saving bandwidth.

17. Static Routing Why Use Static Routing? (continued) 17
Static Routing Why Use Static Routing? (continued)
Static routing has the following disadvantages:
Initial configuration and maintenance is time- consuming.
Configuration is error-prone, especially in large networks.
Administrator intervention is required to maintain changing route information.
Does not scale well with growing networks; maintenance becomes cumbersome.
Requires complete knowledge of the whole network for proper implementation.

18. Static Routing When to Use Static Routes 18
Static Routing When to Use Static Routes
Static routing has three primary uses:
Small networks:
Providing ease of routing table maintenance in smaller networks that are not expected to grow significantly.
Default route:
Using a single default route to represent a path to any network that does not have a more specific match with another route in the routing table. Default routes are used to send traffic to any destination beyond the next upstream router.

19. Static Routing When to Use Static Routes
Routing to and from stub networks. A stub network is a network accessed by a single route, and the router has no other neighbors (only one router).

20. 6.1.1.4 Activity - Identify the Advantages and Disadvantages of Static Routing20
Static Routing Activity - Identify the Advantages and Disadvantages of Static Routing

21. Types of Static Routes Static Route Applications
Reduce the number of routes advertised by summarizing several contiguous networks as one static route 21
Types of Static Routes Static Route Applications
Static Routes are often used to:
Connect to a specific network
Provide a Gateway of Last Resort for a stub network
Summarize routing table entries
Create a backup route in case a primary route link fails

22. Types of Static Routes Standard Static Route 22
Types of Static Routes Standard Static Route
Static route can be used to connect to a specific network ( like for example a stub network)

23. Types of Static Routes Default Static Route
Note: All routes that identify a specific destination with a larger subnet mask take precedence over the default route. 23
Types of Static Routes Default Static Route
Static route can be used to configure default route.
A default static route is a route that matches all packets.
A default route identifies the gateway IP address to which the router sends all IP packets that it does not have a learned or static route.
A default static route is simply a static route with /0 as the destination IPv4 address.
Configuring a default static route creates a Gateway of Last Resort.

24. Types of Static Routes Default Static Route
Default static routes are used:
When no other routes in the routing table match the packet destination IP address.
When a router has only one other router to which it is connected. This condition is known as a stub router.

25. Types of Static Routes Summary Static Route 25
Types of Static Routes Summary Static Route

26. Types of Static Routes Summary Static Route
To reduce the number of routing table entries, multiple static routes can be summarized into a single static route if:
The destination networks are contiguous and can be summarized into a single network address.
The multiple static routes all use the same exit interface or next-hop IP address.

27. Types of Static Routes Floating Static Route 27
Types of Static Routes Floating Static Route
Floating static routes are static routes that are used to provide a backup path to a primary static or dynamic route, in the event of a link failure.
The floating static route is only used when the primary route is not available.
In order to accomplish this, the floating static route is configured with a higher administrative distance than the primary route.

28. Types of Static Routes Activity - Identify the Type of Static Route28
Types of Static Routes Activity - Identify the Type of Static Route

29. Configure IPv4 Static Routes ip route Command 29
Configure IPv4 Static Routes ip route Command
Next hop

30. Configure IPv4 Static Routes Next-Hop Options 30
Configure IPv4 Static Routes Next-Hop Options
The next hop can be identified by an IP address, exit interface, or both.
How the destination is specified creates one of the three following route types:
When only the next-hop IP address is specified  Next-hop static route.
When only the router exit interface is specified  Directly connected static route.
When the next-hop IP address and exit interface are specified  Fully specified static route.

31. Configure IPv4 Static Routes Configure a Next-Hop Static Route
When a packet is destined for the /24 network, R1:
1. Looks for a match in the routing table and finds that it has to forward the packets to the next-hop IPv4 address
2. R1 must now determine how to reach ; therefore, it searches a second time for a match.

32. Configure IPv4 Static Routes Configure a Next-Hop Static Route
In a next-hop static route, only the next-hop IP address is specified.
The output interface is derived from the next hop.
The router performs multiple lookups in the routing table before forwarding a packet( a recursive lookup).
Because recursive lookups consume router resources, they should be avoided when possible.

33. Configure IPv4 Static Routes Configure Directly Connected Static Route 33
Configure IPv4 Static Routes Configure Directly Connected Static Route
When configuring a static route, another option is to use the exit interface to specify the next-hop address.

34. Configure IPv4 Static Routes Configure Directly Connected Static Route
Configuring a directly connected static route with an exit interface allows the routing table to resolve the exit interface in a single search, instead of two searches.
Although the routing table entry indicates “directly connected”, the administrative distance of the static route is still 1. Only a directly connected interface can have an administrative distance of 0.
Note:
For point-to-point interfaces, you can use static routes that point to the exit interface or to the next-hop address.
For multipoint/broadcast interfaces, it is more suitable to use static routes that point to a next-hop address.

35. Configure IPv4 Static Routes Configure a Fully Specified Static Route 35
Configure IPv4 Static Routes Configure a Fully Specified Static Route
In a fully specified static route, both the output interface and the next-hop IP address are specified.
This is another type of static route that is used in older IOS’s, prior to CEF.
This form of static route is used when the output interface is a multi-access interface and it is necessary to explicitly identify the next hop.
The next hop must be directly connected to the specified exit interface.

36. Configure IPv4 Static Routes Configure a Fully Specified Static Route

37. Configure IPv4 Static Routes Verify a Static Route 37
Configure IPv4 Static Routes Verify a Static Route
Along with ping and traceroute, useful commands to verify static routes include:
show ip route
show ip route static
show ip route network

38. Configure IPv4 Static Routes Verify a Static Route

39. Configure IPv4 Default Routes Default Static Route 39
Configure IPv4 Default Routes Default Static Route

40. Configure IPv4 Default Routes Configure a Default Static Route 40
Configure IPv4 Default Routes Configure a Default Static Route

41. Configure IPv4 Default Routes Verify a Default Static Route41
Configure IPv4 Default Routes Verify a Default Static Route
Note the asterisk (*)next to the route with code ‘S’.
The asterisk indicates that this static route is a candidate default route, which is selected as the Gateway of Last Resort.

42. 42
Classful Addressing Classful Network Addressing and Default Subnet Masks
Class A
Class B
Class C

43. CIDR Classless Inter-Domain Routing43
CIDR Classless Inter-Domain Routing
Classful Addressing Waste
The overall result was that the classful addressing was a very wasteful addressing scheme. A better network addressing solution had to be developed. For this reason, Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR) was introduced in 1993.

44. CIDR Classless Inter-Domain Routing
CIDR also reduces the size of routing tables and manages the IPv4 address space more efficiently using:
■ Route summarization:
Also known as prefix aggregation, routes are summarized into a single route to help reduce the size of routing tables.
■ Supernetting:
Occurs when the route summarization mask is a smaller value than the default traditional classful mask.
Note:
A supernet is always a route summary, but a route summary is not always a supernet.

45. CIDR CIDR and Route Summarization 45
CIDR CIDR and Route Summarization

46. CIDR Static Routing CIDR Example 46
CIDR Static Routing CIDR Example

47. Configure IPv4 Summary Routes Calculate a Summary Route 47
Configure IPv4 Summary Routes Calculate a Summary Route

48. Configure IPv4 Summary Routes Route Summarization 48
Configure IPv4 Summary Routes Route Summarization
CIDR is a form of route summarization and is synonymous with the term supernetting.
CIDR ignores the limitation of classful boundaries, and allows summarization with masks that are smaller than that of the default classful mask.
This type of summarization helps reduce the number of entries in routing updates and lowers the number of entries in local routing tables.

49. Configure IPv4 Summary Routes Summary Static Route Example 49
Configure IPv4 Summary Routes Summary Static Route Example

50. 6.4.1.4 Activity - Determine the Summary Network Address and Prefix50
Types of Static Routes Activity - Determine the Summary Network Address and Prefix

51. Configure Floating Static Routes Floating Static Routes 51
Configure Floating Static Routes Floating Static Routes
Floating static routes are static routes that have an administrative distance greater than the administrative distance of another static route or dynamic routes.
The administrative distance of a static route can be increased to make the route less desirable than that of another static route or a route learned through a dynamic routing protocol.
In this way, the static route “floats” and is not used when the route with the better administrative distance is active.
However, if the preferred route is lost, the floating static route can take over, and traffic can be sent through this alternate route.

52. Configure Floating Static Routes Configure a Floating Static Route52
Configure Floating Static Routes Configure a Floating Static Route
Default static route
Floating default static route

53. Configure Floating Static Routes Test the Floating Static Route 53
Configure Floating Static Routes Test the Floating Static Route
Use a show ip route command to verify that the routing table is using the default static route.
Use a traceroute command to follow the traffic flow out the primary route.
Disconnect the primary link or shutdown the primary exit interface.
Use a show ip route command to verify that the routing table is using the floating static route.
Use a traceroute command to follow the traffic flow out the backup route.

54. Common IOS troubleshooting commands include: ping traceroute 54
Troubleshoot IPv4 Static and Default Route Configuration Troubleshoot a Missing Route
Common IOS troubleshooting commands include:
ping
traceroute
show ip route
show ip interface brief
show cdp neighbors detail

55. Summary 55 Chapter 6 Summary
Static routes can be configured with a next-hop IP address, which is commonly the IP address of the next-hop router.
When a next-hop IP address is used, the routing table process must resolve this address to an exit interface.
On point-to-point serial links, it is usually more efficient to configure the static route with an exit interface.
On multi-access networks, such as Ethernet, both a next-hop IP address and an exit interface can be configured on the static route.
Static routes have a default administrative distance of "1".

56. Summary (continued) 56 Chapter 6 Summary
A static route is only entered in the routing table if the next-hop IP address can be resolved through an exit interface.
Whether the static route is configured with a next-hop IP address or exit interface, if the exit interface that is used to forward that packet is not in the routing table, the static route is not included in the routing table.
In many cases, several static routes can be configured as a single summary route.
If there is not a more specific match in the routing table, the routing table uses the default route to forward the packet to another router.
A floating static route can be configured to back up a main link by manipulating its administrative value.

57. Any Question?