1. CCNA – Cisco Certified Network Associates Routing and Static Routes By Roshan Chaudhary Lecturer Islington College

2. Routing It is a process by which router transfer packets from one network to another. Types of Route Directly Connected Route Static Route Dynamic Route

3. Routing Table Principles: 1. Every router makes its decision alone, based on the information it has in its routing table. Asymmetric Routing As router doesn't necessarily have the same information in routing table, packets travelling the network in one direction, using one path, might return via another path. 2. The fact that one router has certain information doesn't means other router should have same. 3. Routing information about a path from one network to another doesn't provide information about the return path.

4. Best Path and Metric If there are multiple paths to reach the same destination network, each path uses a different Router's exit interface to travel. The best path is selected by a routing protocol based on the value or metric to determine the distance to reach a network. Paths R1-R3 : If hop count is used as metric R1-R2-R3 : If bandwidth is used as metric

5. Equal Cost Load Balancing When a router has multiple paths to a destination network and the value of the metric is also same, this is called as an Equal Cost Metric. Here, the router performs Equal Cost Load Balancing.

6. Basic Commands Examining Router Interfaces #show interfaces - administratively down: means that the interface is currently in the shutdown mode, or turned off. - line protocol is down: means that the interface is not receiving a carrier signal from a switch or the hub. #show ip interface brief: quickly verify about interface's status, IP address and so forth. #show controllers: verifies the DTE or DCE, the clock rate and so forth.

7. Cisco Discovery Protocol (CDP) It is a powerful monitoring and troubleshooting tool which is used to get information about directly connected Cisco devices. By default, each Cisco device sends periodic messages, which are known as CDP advertisements, to directly connected Cisco devices.

8. CDP Verifying Command #show cdp neighbors #show cdp neighbors detail For each CDP neighbor, the following information is displayed: neighbor device ID local interface holdtime value, in sec neighbor device capability code neighbor hardware platform neighbor remote port ID

9. Disabling CDP Disable cdp globally, for the entire device router(config)#no cdp run Stop cdp advertisements on a particular interface router(config-if)#no cdp enable

10. Configuring Static Routes router(config)# ip route network address: destination network address to be added to the routing table subnet mask: subnet mask of the destination network address. It can be modified to summarize a group on networks next-hop ip address: commonly referred to as the next-hop router's IP address exit interface: outgoing interface that would be used in forwarding packets to the destination network

11. Verifying Static Routes

12. Configuring Default Static Route router(config)# ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 The 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 network address and mask is called a "quad-zero" route Default static routes are used when: No other routes in the routing table match the packet's destination IP address. A common use is when connecting a company's edge router to the ISP network. When a router has only one other router to which it is connected. This condition is knows as a Stub Router.

13. Troubleshooting a Missing Route Networks are subject to many different forces that can cause their status to change quite often: an interface fails. a service provider drops a connection. there is an over-saturation of links. an administrator enters a wrong configuration