1. UROGENITAL TRACT
Dr. Sándor Katz

2. Urinary system - constituents

3. Kidney
Weight: g

4. Kidneys - location On the posterior body wall
Posterior to parietal peritoneum – retroperitoneal organ
At the level of T12-L2

5. Kidneys - location
The right kidney is lower than left.

6. Kidneys – covering structures
Renal fascia
Adipose capsule
Fibrous capsule

7. Kidney – gross anatomy External structures: Hilum of kidney:
(from anterior to posterior)
Renal vein
Renal artery
Ureter
Internal structures:
Cortex
Medulla
Minor calices
Major calices
Renal pelvis

8. Kidney – histology: Nephron
Structural and functional
unit of kidney.
Components:
Renal corpuscle:
Bowman’s capsule
Glomerulus
2. Renal tubules:
Proximal convoluted tubule
Loop of Henle
Distal convoluted tubule

9. Bowman’s capsule, Glomerulus
Parietal layer: simple squamous epithelium
Visceral layer: podocytes
Glomerulus: - filters plasma
Afferent arteriole
Efferent arteriole
(1200ml blood goes through the kidneys each minute.
125ml- glomerular filtration
124ml- reabsorbed glomerular filtration
=1ml urine/min.)

10. Proximal and distal convoluted tubules
Proximal convoluted tubule:
Cuboidal cells with brush border.
(Absorption: water, glucose, amino acids, Na+, vitaminC)
Loop of Henle:
Squamous epithelium.
(Absorption: water, Na+, Cl-, Ca2+, PO4.
Secretion: H+, K+.)
Distal convoluted tubule:
Cuboidal cells without brush border.
(Absorption: water, Na+, Ca2+, HCO3- or H+.
Secretion: K+, HCO3- or H+.)

11. Ureter Retroperitoneal 25-30cm long Shows frequent contractions
Lined by urothelium

12. Urothelium
Umbrella cells
Pear shaped cells
Basal cells

13. Urinary bladder Infraperitoneal organ
Urinary trigone: ureteric openings,
urethral opening
Folds of mucous membrane over the
openings of ureters
Detrusor muscle
Lined by urothelium
Average capacity: 300ml

14. Ultrasound picture of bladder

15. Urethra Lined by stratified columnar epithelium. Female urethra:
2-3cm long
Male urethra:
15-18cm long
Represents 3 divisions:
Prostate part
Membranous part
Spongy part

16. Pathology

17. Female reproductive system
Internal constituents:
Ovaries
Fallopian tubes
Uterus
Vagina
External constituents:
Clitoris
Labia minora
Labia majora

18. Female reproductive organs - location
Infraperitoneal organs.

19. Ovary Connective tissue bed filled follicles with developing ova.
Parts:
Cortex
Medulla
(Women can ovulate between years of age – 480 ovulation/reproductive period.)

20. Maturation of follicles
1. Primordial follicle: simple squamous epithelium
2. Primary follicle: simple cuboidal epithelium
3. Secondary follicle: stratified cuboidal epithelium 3.

21. Maturation of follicles
4. Graafian follicle

22. Fallopian tube
Transports ova.
Fimbriae
Infundibulum
Ampulla
Isthmus

23. Uterus
Fundus
Body
Cervix

24. Ligaments of uterus

25. Pouches of uterus Recto-uterine pouch or Douglas- pouch:
Deepest point of female abdominal cavity.
(fluid accumulation)
Vesico-uterine pouch:
No clinical relevances.

26. Uterus - wall Endometrium: 2. Myometrium: 3. Perimetrium:
simple columnar epithelium, glands, blood vessels, connective tissue.
Layers: functional:
stratum compactum
stratum spongyosum
basal
2. Myometrium:
smooth muscle
3. Perimetrium:
peritoneum

27. Menstrual cycle Menstrual phase:
loss of functional layer of endometrium.
2. Proliferative phase: development of functional layer of endometrium (glands, blood vessels)
Secretory phase:
preparation for the implantation of an embryo. If fertilization does not occur the menstrual flow begins.

28. Menstrual phase
(Coiled arteries constrict – deprivation of endometrium from blood supply – discharge outer endometrium lining.
Content of flow: blood, epithelium, connective tissue. Volume: 35-45ml. )

29. Vagina Receives secretion from uterus and penis during copulation.
Pathway for fetus.
Lined by stratified squamous epithelium.

30. External genitalia 1. Clitoris: 2 erectile bodies 2. Labia majora:
folds of skin
3. Labia minora:
folds of skin. No hair.

32. Pathology
Cervix cancer

33. Male reproductive organs
Internal components:
Gonad – testis
Duct – system: epididymis, deferent duct, ejaculatory duct
Additional glands: seminal vesicle, prostate gland, bulbourethral gland
External component:
Penis

34. Testis Location: in a skin pouch- scrotum. Forms sperm.
Produces testosterone.
Connective tissue capsule.
Connective tissue septa – lobules.
Lobules contain 2-3 seminiferous tubules.

35. Testis - histology
Germinal epithelium – changing characteristic – sperm.
Sertoli cell:
Supporting function, maintains hormone level, blood-testis-barrier.
Leydig cell:
Produces testosterone.

36. Epididymis Stores sperm.
Lined by pseudostratified columnar epithelium.

37. Deferent duct
45 cm long.
Contracts during ejaculation.

38. Spermatic cord Contents: Deferent duct Deferential vessels
Testicular artery
Pampiniform plexus
Genital branch of genitofemoral nerve
Cremasteric muscle
Cremasteric vessels
Sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves

39. Seminal vesicle
60% of semen.
Fructose secretion.

40. Prostate gland
15-30% of semen.
Acids secretion – activates sperm.

41. Bulbourethral glands Location: urogenital diaphragm.
Secretes viscous fluid –
lubrication of the urethra.

42. Penis

43. Penis 2 corpora cavernosa – blood sinuses
1 corpus spongiosum - urethra

44. Steps of erection Sexual stimulus
Relaxation of the smooth muscle in cavernous space and arterioles
Blood inflow (50ml) to the cavernous space
Occlusion of the venous drainage
Intracavernous blood pressure > systemic blood pressure
ERECTION

45. Rectovesical pouch Deepest point of male abdominal cavity.
No relevances.

46. Thank you for attention!
References: Gray’s Anatomy for Students
Elsevier, Kierszenbaum: Histology and Cell Biology: An Introduction
to Pathology 2e
LWW: Langman’s Medical Embryology
WebPathology.com