1. No.9: IP Security Network Information Security 网络信息安全
Instructor: Lu Bin 鲁斌
Tel:
Office: Room B404, Teaching building 10#

2. If a secret piece of news is divulged by a spy before the time is ripe, he must be put to death, together with the man to whom the secret was told.
—The Art of War, Sun Wu

3. Outline Internetworking and Internet Protocols IP Security Overview
IP Security Architecture
Security Associations
Authentication Header
Encapsulating Security Payload
Combinations of Security Associations
Key Management

4. TCP/IP Example

5. IPv4 Header

6. IPv6 Header

7. WEB Security Network Layer——IP Security (IPSec)
Transport Layer—— SSL / TLS
Application Layer——SHTTP, S/MIME,
PGP, SET, Kerberos

8. HTTP
FTP
SMTP
TCP
IP/IPSec
(a) Network Level

9. HTTP
FTP
SMTP
SSL or TLS
TCP IP
(b) Transport Level

10. IP
S/MIME
PGP
SET
TCP
SMTP
UDP
Kerberos
HTTP
(c) Application Level

11. IP Security
have considered some application specific security mechanisms
eg. S/MIME, PGP, Kerberos
however there are security concerns that cut across protocol layers
would like security implemented by the network for all applications

12. IP Security Overview IPSec is not a single protocol
Instead, IPSec provides a set of security algorithms plus a general framework that allows a pair of communicating entities to use whichever algorithms provide security appropriate for the communication.

13. IP Security Overview Applications of IPSec
Secure branch office connectivity over the Internet
Secure remote access over the Internet
Establsihing extranet and intranet connectivity with partners
Enhancing electronic commerce security

14. IPSec general IP Security mechanisms provides
authentication
confidentiality
key management
applicable to use over LANs, across public & private WANs, & for the Internet

15. IP Security Scenario

16. Benefits of IPSec
in a firewall/router provides strong security to all traffic crossing the perimeter
is resistant to bypass
is below transport layer, hence transparent to applications
can be transparent to end users
can provide security for individual users if desired
IPSec can assure that:
A router or neighbor advertisement comes from an authorized router
A redirect message comes from the router to which the initial packet was sent
A routing update is not forged

17. IP Security Architecture
IPSec documents:
RFC 2401: An overview of security architecture
RFC 2402: Description of a packet encryption extension to IPv4 and IPv6
RFC 2408: Specification of key managament capabilities
mandatory in IPv6, optional in IPv4

18. IPSec Document Overview

19. IPSec Services Access Control Connectionless integrity
Data origin authentication
Rejection of replayed packets
a form of partial sequence integrity
Confidentiality (encryption)
Limited traffic flow confidentiallity

20. Security Associations
a one-way relationship between sender & receiver that affords security for traffic flow
defined by 3 parameters:
Security Parameters Index (SPI)
IP Destination Address
Security Protocol Identifier
has a number of other parameters
seq no, AH & EH info, lifetime etc
have a database of Security Associations

21. Transport vs Tunnel Mode
transport mode is used to encrypt & optionally authenticate IP data
data protected but header left in clear
can do traffic analysis but is efficient
good for ESP, host to host traffic
tunnel mode encrypts entire IP packet
add new header for next hop
good for VPNs, gateway to gateway security

22. Transport & Tunnel Modes
Stallings Fig 16-5.

23. Authentication Header (AH)
provides support for data integrity & authentication of IP packets
end system/router can authenticate user/app
prevents address spoofing attacks by tracking sequence numbers
based on use of a MAC
HMAC-MD5 or HMAC-SHA-1
parties must share a secret key

24. Authentication Header
Provides support for data integrity and authentication (MAC code) of IP packets.
Guards against replay attacks.

25. Before applying AH

26. Transport Mode (AH Authentication)

27. Tunnel Mode (AH Authentication)

28. End-to-end versus End-to-Intermediate Authentication

29. Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP)
provides message content confidentiality & limited traffic flow confidentiality
can optionally provide the same authentication services as AH
supports range of ciphers, modes, padding
incl. DES, Triple-DES, RC5, IDEA, CAST etc
CBC most common
pad to meet blocksize, for traffic flow

30. Encapsulating Security Payload
ESP provides confidentiality services

31. ESP Encryption and Authentication

32. ESP Encryption and Authentication

33. Encryption and Authentication Algorithms
Three-key triple DES
RC5
IDEA
Three-key triple IDEA
CAST
Blowfish
Authentication:
HMAC-MD5
HMAC-SHA-1

34. Combining Security Associations
SA’s can implement either AH or ESP
to implement both need to combine SA’s
form a security bundle
have 4 cases (see next)

35. Combinations of Security Associations

36. Combinations of Security Associations

37. Combinations of Security Associations

38. Combinations of Security Associations

39. Key Management handles key generation & distribution
typically need 2 pairs of keys
2 per direction for AH & ESP
manual key management
sysadmin manually configures every system
automated key management
automated system for on demand creation of keys for SA’s in large systems
has Oakley & ISAKMP elements

40. Oakley a key exchange protocol based on Diffie-Hellman key exchange
adds features to address weaknesses
cookies, groups (global params), nonces, DH key exchange with authentication
can use arithmetic in prime fields or elliptic curve fields
Three authentication methods:
Digital signatures
Public-key encryption
Symmetric-key encryption

41. ISAKMP Internet Security Association and Key Management Protocol
provides framework for key management
defines procedures and packet formats to establish, negotiate, modify, & delete SAs
independent of key exchange protocol, encryption alg, & authentication method

42. Summary have considered: IPSec security framework
Security Associations AH
ESP
Combinations of Security Associations
key management & Oakley/ISAKMP