1. How do you recognize fascism?
Making of the Modern World: Fascism
How do you recognize fascism?
The ‘content’: Fascist Ideology?
The ‘action’: Fascist Practice?
A historical approach: What was Fascism?
Fascist Movements and Fascist States

2. Fascist Movements I: Italy
Making of the Modern World: Fascism
Fascist Movements I: Italy
World War One and the first Italian Fascists
The Biennio Rosso: Social Crisis and the Rise of Fascism
The Fascist March on Rome, October 1922

3. Fascist Movements II: Germany
Making of the Modern World: Fascism
Fascist Movements II: Germany
The Post-War Crisis and the emergence of Nazism (NSDAP = National Socialist German Workers Party)
The Rise of Nazism at the End of the Weimar Republic
The Nazi take-over of power, January 1933

4. Making of the Modern World: Fascism
Fascism and Crisis
The ‘First Wave’: Fascism and the Post-World-War-One Crisis
The ‘Second Wave’: Fascism and the Great Depression
Crisis: Instability and Opportunities

5. Fascist Regimes Fascist Dictatorships? The Leadership Principle
Making of the Modern World: Fascism
Fascist Regimes
Fascist Dictatorships? The Leadership Principle
Forming a National Community, from above and from below
Anti-Semitism and Racism
The Regime as a Movement: Constant Mobilization

6. Making of the Modern World: Fascism
Fascism and War
Fascist Imperialism (Ethiopia, Mediterranean) and Nazi Expansion in the East (Space for Living)
The Enslavement of the Slavic Population
The Murder of European Jewry

7. Making of the Modern World: Fascism
Fascist Ideology
Anti-isms: Anti-Marxism, anti- liberalism, anti-Semitism, etc.
The Fascist vision of a new society: a purified and rejuvenated nation that would overcome class struggle
Visions of heroic individualism
Anti-rationalism and the belief in myths

8. Making of the Modern World: Fascism
Fascist Practice
Central role of violence, above all against their opponents (Communists, Socialists, Jews)
Violence as a means to create a (masculine) community
Ideology and Practice: The glorification of violence and the fascist will to action

9. Fascism and Youth Fascism as a youth movement?
Making of the Modern World: Fascism
Fascism and Youth
Fascism as a youth movement?
Youth and its ability to build a ‘new society’ played a key role in Fascist ideology.
A generation of fascists? Many fascists, especially Nazis in Germany, had been too young to fight in World War One. They longed to become ‘heroes’ and to create something radically new.