1. Rhetorical Devices The Dictionary of Rhetoric
Yes, you should take really good Cornell Notes.
AP Language & Composition
Rhetorical Devices The Dictionary of Rhetoric

2. Author devices that Utilize ethos
Persona
Personal Experiences (demonstrate why you should listen to him)
Comparison
Sound/Repetition
Syntax
Contrast
Figurative Language
Tone

3. persona
The “second self” created by the author in a piece of written work.
Common in narrative essays and novels, both fiction and non-fiction.
Examples:

4. Author Devices that utilize Logos
Comparison
Sound/Repetition
Contrast
Tone

5. Comparisons Allegory Analogy Juxtaposition Metaphor Metonymy Parable
Simile
Synecdoche

6. Allegory A story or tale that functions as an extended metaphor.
Plato’s Allegory of the Cave from The Republic functions literally as a tale of a cave with prisoners and one who escapes, only to be ignored when he returns; and as a metaphor for humankind’s “nature in it’s education and it’s want of education”.
The film The Matrix is much like the famous cave allegory– how?

7. Analogy
 Compares two things, which are alike in several respects, for the purpose of explaining or clarifying some unfamiliar or difficult idea or object by showing how the idea or object is similar to some familiar one.
Your short-term memory is like the RAM on a computer: it records the information in front of you right now. Some of what you experience seems to evaporate--like words that go missing when you turn off your computer without hitting SAVE.

8. Juxtaposition
Side by side comparison for certain effect- similar to oxymoron, but can be larger to encompass the structure of an argument.
Essays can juxtapose topics of discussion through different topic paragraphs, like cause & effect and argument essays.
All’s fair in love and war. Love and war are opposites, and yet this proverb shows that they have one thing in common which is that anything goes. This juxtaposition demonstrates that there is more alike between the concepts of love and war than one might originally think.

9. metaphor Comparison of two objects without using like or as.
Write your own example. You can do this. 

10. metonymy
is another form of metaphor, very similar to synecdoche (and, in fact, some rhetoricians do not distinguish between the two), in which the thing chosen for the metaphorical image is closely associated with (but not an actual part of) the subject with which it is to be compared.
The orders came from the White House.
You can’t fight city hall!
Metonymy has the effect of creating concrete and vivid images in place of generalities

11. parable
A brief, succinct story, in prose or verse, that illustrates a moral or religious lesson. 
Feature human characters, unlike fables, which feature non-human characters.
Parables - Prodigal Son
Many folktales, and some fairy tales are parables, as long as they have some kind of lesson

12. simile A comparison of two unlike things using “like” or “as”
Write your own example! This is EZ MODE!

13. synecdoche PARTS   WHOLE
Farmer Jones has two hundred head of cattle and three hired hands.
If I had some wheels, I'd put on my best threads and ask for Jane's hand in marriage.
The army included two hundred horse and three hundred foot.
It’s sure hard to earn a dollar these days.

14. Author’s devices to Utilize Pathos
Sound/Repetition
Figurative Language
Tone
Comparison
Contrast

15. Sounds/Repetition Alliteration Anadiplosis Assonance Anaphora
Antimetabole
Consonance
Epistrophe
Onomatopoeia

16. Alliteration Recurrence of initial consonant sounds.
Think of tongue twisters that rely on the first letter:
Peter Piper picked a peck of picked peppers.
She sells sea shells by the sea shore.
Children’s books use this a lot– why do you think?
I double-dare you! I double-dog dare you!
The best laid plans of mice and men…
Ever play tic-tac-toe?

17. Anadiplosis
Repeats the last word of one phrase, clause, or sentence at or very near the beginning of the next
“Fear leads to anger. Anger leads to hate. Hate leads to suffering.” - Yoda, Star Wars
"They call for you: The general who became a slave; the slave who became a gladiator; the gladiator who defied an Emperor. Striking story." —Commodus, Gladiator

18. Assonance
Similar vowel sounds repeated in successive or proximate words containing different consonants
Frequently used in modern rap music.
Their pens and pads I snatch 'cause I've had it / I'm not an addict, fiending for static / I see their tape recorder and I grab it / No, you can't have it back, silly rabbit". – Public Enemy, “Don’t Believe the Hype”

19. Anaphora
is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of successive phrases, clauses, or sentences.
Will he read the book? Will he learn what it has to teach him? Will he live according to what he has learned?
Slowly and grimly they advanced, not knowing what lay ahead, not knowing what they would find at the top of the hill, not knowing that they were so near to Disneyland.

20. Consonance
A stylistic device, most commonly used in poetry and songs, characterized by the repetition of the same consonant two or more times in short succession.
“Pitter patter”
“All mammals named Sam are clammy.”
How is this different from alliteration?

21. epistrophe
The counterpart to anaphora, because the repetition of the same word or words comes at the end of successive phrases, clauses, or sentences.
Where affections bear rule, there reason is subdued, honesty is subdued, good will is subdued, and all things else that withstand evil, for ever are subdued. --Wilson
You will find reading nightly helpful in passing this course, writing essays desirable for passing this course, and studying hours on end essential to passing this course.

22. onomatopoeia
Use of words whose pronunciation imitates the sound of the word it describes.
Written language has an aural quality, even unspoken writing has a sound to it:
Snap! Pop! Crackle! Bang! Buzz! Moo! Splash!
No one talks in these factories. Everyone is too busy. The only sounds are the snip, snip of scissors and the hum of the sewing machines.

23. Syntax Antimetabole Anthimeria Asyndeton Climax Parallelism
Polysyndeton
All the repetition devices

24. ANTIMETABOLE
repetition of words in consecutive clauses but in an inverted or transposed order. For example,
“You forget what you want to remember, and you remember what you want to forget.”

25. Anthimeria
Using a word in a new grammatical form, most often the usage of a noun as a verb.
She headed the ball.
Don’t forget to hashtag that post.
“The parishioners about here,” continued Mrs. Day, not looking at any living being, but snatching up the brown delf tea-things, “are the laziest, gossipest, poachest, jailest set of any ever I came among. And they’ll talk about my teapot and tea-things next, I suppose!”

26. asyndeton Omitting conjunctions between words, phrases, or clauses.
Gives a hurried or rushed effect, but can also indicate that the items are of equal importance.
On his return he received medals, honors, treasures, titles, fame.
He was a winner, a hero.

27. Climax
consists of arranging words, clauses, or sentences in the order of increasing importance, weight, or emphasis
Miss America was not only eager to serve her community, but her state, country, and the world.

28. Parallelism
Recurrent syntactical similarity across several parts of a sentence or several sentences.
show that the ideas in the parts or sentences are equal in importance.
adds balance and rhythm and, most importantly, clarity to the sentence.
“If you want others to be happy, practice compassion. If you want to be happy, practice compassion.” —Dalai Lama
The second part flies in the face of an assumption that is, for most of us, extremely deep-rooted: my individual welfare is best served if I primarily focus on my interests.

29. polysyndeton
The use of conjunctions in close succession, especially where some might be omitted.
The rhetorical effect of polysyndeton, however, often shares with that of asyndeton a feeling of multiplicity, energetic enumeration, and building up.
They read and studied and wrote and drilled. I laughed and played and talked and flunked.

30. Contrast
Antithesis
Irony
Oxymoron
Paradox

31. Antithesis
establishes a clear, contrasting relationship between two ideas by joining them together or juxtaposing them, often in parallel structure.
That's one small step for a man, one giant leap for mankind. --Neil Armstrong
Success makes men proud; failure makes them wise.

32. Oxymoron
A paradox reduced to two words, usually in an adj.-noun or adv.-adj. relationship, and is used for effect, complexity, emphasis, or wit.
I do here make humbly bold to present them with a short account of themselves and their art...” Jonathan Swift
Senator Rosebud calls this a useless plan; if so, it is the most helpful useless plan we have ever enacted.

33. pARADOX
Statement or statements that are at first true, and lead to contradiction, or untrue and lead to a truth or dual-truth.
“I know one thing: that I know nothing.” -
Socrates (via Plato)
An oxymoron is a short phrase that contradicts itself, while a paradox is a larger sentence, situation or idea that is an apparent contradiction

34. Figurative Language Aphorism Apostrophe Enumeration Hyperbole
Personification

35. Aphorism
denotes an original thought, spoken or written in a laconic, or concise, and easily memorable form
Those who cannot remember the past, are condemned to repeat it. — George Santayana
Believe nothing you hear, and only half of what you see – Mark Twain
Nothing great was ever achieved without enthusiasm. — Ralph Waldo Emerson

36. Apostrophe
Addressing directly a person or personified thing, either present or absent.
Dead give-away is the “O”
“O Captain, My Captain,” by Walt Whitman for Abraham Lincoln
Can also function as naming who’s being addressed:
But all such reasons notwithstanding, dear reader, does not the cost in lives persuade you by itself that we must do something immediately about the situation?

37. Enumeration
Detailing parts, causes, effects, or consequences to make a point more forcibly
I love her eyes, her hair, her nose, her cheeks, her lips [etc.].
When the new highway opened, more than just the motels and restaurants prospered. The stores noted a substantial increase in sales, more people began moving to town, a new dairy farm was started, the old Main Street Theater doubled its showings and put up a new building

38. hyperbole Deliberate exaggeration for emphasis or effect.
There are a thousand reasons why more research is needed on solar energy.
I said "rare," not "raw." I've seen cows hurt worse than this get up and get well.
Hyperbole is the most overused and overdone rhetorical figure in the whole world (and that is no hyperbole!)

39. Personification
Metaphorically represents an animal or inanimate object as having human attributes -of form, character, feelings, behavior, and so on.
Ideas and abstractions can also be personified.
Write your own sentence with a personified animal, inanimate object, idea or abstraction.
The city never sleeps.

40. Tone-- a few examples Didactic Dysphemism Euphemism Irony Litotes
Periphrasis
Pun
Rhetorical Question
Satire

41. Didactic A tone which intends to educate or moralize.
Hey! This is a tone word, not really a device…
…but a didactic tone is incredibly powerful, and hence deserves to be mentioned apart from other “tone words” as a rhetorical device.
How could you learn from someone who doesn’t sound confident in what she is saying? A didactic tone affects ethos, or one’s character (or credibility, if you will).

42. Dysphemism
Substitution of a disagreeable or more offensive expression in place of one that is normally used.
Although disphemisms are intended to insult, some people use them as code-names or jokes.
Example: normal word: street walker
Euphemism: “lady of the night”
Disphemism: slut

43. Euphemism
Substitution of an agreeable or less offensive expression in place of one that may offend or suggest something unpleasant to the listener.
Some euphemisms are intended to amuse, like code-names or jokes.
A few fries short of a Happy Meal - stupid
laid off, downsized - fired

44. irony
Incongruity between what is expressed and what is intended, between an understanding or expectation of reality and what actually happens; the literal truth is in direct discordance to the perceived truth.
Verbal Irony – Sarcasm
Dramatic Irony – The audience knows!
Tragic Irony – Romeo and Juliet
Situational Irony
Cosmic Irony/Irony of Fate – O. Henry Gift of the Magi
Historical Irony – time plays a role in Cosmic Irony

45. Litotes
A particular form of understatement, generated by denying the opposite or contrary of the word which otherwise would be used.
Litotes either retains the effect of understatement, or becomes an intensifying expression.
Heat waves are not rare in the summer.
Hitting that telephone pole certainly didn't do your car any good.
He who examines his own self will not long remain ignorant of his failings.

46. Periphrasis
a stylistic device that can be defined as the use of excessive and longer words to convey a meaning which could have been conveyed with a shorter expression or in a few words. It is an indirect or roundabout way of writing about things
“I was within a hair’s-breadth of the last opportunity for pronouncement, and I found with humiliation that probably I would have nothing to say”
Is used to embellish sentences by creating splendid effects to draw the readers’ attention. Lends a poetic flavor to prose.

47. Pun
a play on words using homonyms or similar sounding words, usually as a joke, sometimes as an insult.
A sleeping bag is a nap sack.
I don't get people who stumble into mirrors. They need to watch themselves.
Tree trimmers do such a fantastic job, they should take a bough.

48. Rhetorical question
A question posed for its persuasive effect without the expectation of a reply.
Is justice then to be considered merely a word? Or is it whatever results from the bartering between attorneys?
Are you really as dense as you seem, Marsha?

49. satire
Individual or human vices, follies, abuses, or shortcomings are held up to censure by means of ridicule, burlesque, derision, irony or other methods, ideally with the intent to bring about improvement.
Lampoons and parody are also examples of satire

50. YAY ALL DONE!!! Now you have a spiffy personal dictionary!
Now study it! It will be your new best friend!!!
That’s You!