1. Uses of the nominative and accusative cases:

2. Adpositions governing the accusative:

3. Accusative forms of the personal pronouns:

4. Gender: Usually, males are denoted by masculine nouns (e.g. nara- `man', masc.) and females by feminine nouns (e.g. strã- `woman', fem.); the gender assigned to nouns denoting sexless things has no clear semantic basis. There are, however, some fairly reliable correlations between a noun's gender and the form of its stem. e.g. stems in a are generally masculine and neuter, while stems in long vowels are mostly feminine.

5. Short-a stem declension: aśva- `horse' (masc.)

6. Short-a stem declension: dàna- `gift' (neut.)

7. The ten classes of present-tense stems

8. Characteristics of the four thematic classes 1.The stem always ends in a. 2.The stem doesn't exhibit vowel- grade alternations.

9. Characteristics of the four thematic classes 3. In an open syllable, the stem- final a lengthens before any ending beginning with m or v; thus, there is no lengthening before ‑ m in the 1st person singular imperfect active.

10. Characteristics of the four thematic classes 4.The stem-final a is dropped before all endings beginning with e. 5.The 2nd person singular imperative active is simply the stem.

11. Characteristics of the four thematic classes 6.The optative suffix is ‑ ã- before consonants and ‑ ãy- before vowels. By sandhi, a- + -ã-  e ; a- + -ãy-  ey.

12. Stem formation in the thematic classes 1st class (bhå- class) stem =root + a-  guõa, if possible

13. Stem formation in the thematic classes 6th class (tud ‑ class) stem =root + a-  zero grade

14. Stem formation in the thematic classes 4 th class (div ‑ class) stem =root + ya-  unchanged

15. Stem formation in the thematic classes

16. Irregularities in stem formation in the thematic classes

22. Active inflectional endings for thematic verbs (conjugations 1, 4, 6, 10) in the present system