1. What elements form ionic compounds? How is an ionic bond formed?

2. What’s a chemical bond?
A chemical bond is the force that holds two atoms together
Two types of chemical bonds:
Ionic
Covalent

3. Why do atoms form bonds?
Formation of chemical bonds is due to number of valence electrons
Why do valence electrons play such an important role?
Because elements react to get the stable electron structure of a noble gas
How many electrons do atoms want to have in their outermost energy level? 8

4. The Octet Rule
States that atoms lose, gain or share electrons in order to acquire a full set of eight valence electrons
Why? This is the stable electron configuration of the noble gases
How do we know if they will gain or lose electrons?
Atoms will do what is easiest to get the most stable electron configuration.
Atoms with 1, 2 or 3 valence electrons will
___________ electrons.
lose
Atoms with 5, 6 or 7 valence electrons will
___________ electrons.
gain

5. How do atoms form bonds? One way is by the formation of ions.
An ion is an atom (or a group of bonded atoms) with a positive or negative charge.
- Proton
- Neutron
- Electron
What would be the easiest way this sodium atom could get the perfect 8?
Sodium Atom
Sodium Ion

6. Positive or Negative Ion?
How can you tell if the ion formed will be positive or negative?
Count the protons and electrons
How many protons? ___
How many electrons? ___
What’s the charge? ___ 11
How many protons? ___
How many electrons? ___
What’s the charge? ___ 11 11 10 +1

7. Ions What type of atoms form positive cations?
Metals
What type of atoms form negative anions?
Nonmetals
Exceptions:
Lets take
a look…

8. Group Charges All alkali metals have a charge of _____.+1
All alkali metals have a charge of _____.
All alkaline earth metals have a charge of _____.
All halogens have a charge of ____.
Group 6A elements have a charge of ____. +2 -1 -2

9. Practice Questions Which type of atoms form cations?
Which type of atoms form anions?
Is Na+ a cation or anion?
Is F- a cation of anion?
Is Ca2+ a cation or anion?
Is Mg2+ a cation or anion?
What is the charge of the iodine ion?
What is the name of the iodine anion?
Would oxygen form a cation or anion?
What is the net charge of zinc (II)?
metals
nonmetals
cation
anion
cation
cation -1
iodide
anion 2+

10. Naming Ionic Compounds
The “Swap & Drop” Method

11. Electron Dot Structure or Lewis Dot Diagram
A notation showing the valence electrons surrounding the atomic symbol.

12. Binary Compounds
Monatomic ions bond together to form Binary compounds.
Ex: Na+ + Cl-  NaCl
Cation (1st) Anion (2nd) in an ionic compound
Cation + Anion  Ionic Compound

13. Na Cl - + 1 1 Swap & Drop Method For Ionic Compounds Only!
Sodium Ion Na
Chlorine Ion Cl - + 1 1
Step 1: Write the element symbol and the charge on the ion

14. Na Cl 1 1 Swap & Drop Method Step 2: Swap Values. Sodium Ion
Chlorine Ion Cl 1 1
Step 2: Swap Values.

15. K Cl 1 1 1 1 Swap & Drop Method Step 3: Drop Values to Subscripts.
Potassium Ion K
Chlorine Ion Cl 1 1 1 1
Step 3: Drop Values to Subscripts.

16. Swap & Drop Method
Potassium Ion K
Chlorine Ion Cl
Potassium Chloride
Step 4: When the values are the same, then they can be erased. The number (1) is never required.

17. Al O - + 3 2 Swap & Drop Method
Aluminum Ion Al
Oxygen Ion O - + 3 2
Step 1: Write the element symbol and the charge on the ion .

18. Al O 3 2 Swap & Drop Method Step 2: Swap Values. Aluminum Ion
Oxygen Ion O 3 2
Step 2: Swap Values.

19. Al O 2 3 2 3 Swap & Drop Method Step 3: Drop values to subscripts.
Aluminum Ion Al
Oxygen Ion O 2 3 2 3
Step 3: Drop values to subscripts.

20. Al O 2 3 Swap & Drop Method Step 4: Combine into compound.
Aluminum Ion Al
Oxygen Ion O 2 3
Aluminum Oxide
Step 4: Combine into compound.

21. Names of Ions A positively charged ion is called a cation.
A cation’s name is the same as the element
A negatively charge ion is called an anion.
An anion’s name has the ending “–ide” added to the root name
Example: Anion of chlorine is the chloride ion.
1. What is the oxygen ion called?
oxide
2. What is the fluorine ion called?
fluoride
3. What is the bromine ion called?
bromide

22. Common Polyatomic Ions
Formed when more than one atom are grouped together
Charge on polyatomic ions applies to entire group of atoms.
The polyatomic ion acts as an individual ion and is protected with parenthesize in the formula!
Typically end in –ate or -ite
Common Polyatomic Ions
NH4+
Ammonium
NO3-
Nitrate
OH-
Hydroxide
CO32-
Carbonate
SO42-
Sulfate
PO43-
Phosphate
NO2-
Nitrite
Sulfate
Carbonate

23. Transition Metal Rules Roman Numerals Polyatomic Ions

24. Transition Elements
How many valence electrons do transition elements have?
Two (electron config: ns2)
They will commonly lose those two valence electrons to form ions with a +2 charge
But….they can also lose some of their d electrons to form ions of +3, +4 or greater
Some are consistent: Fixed Charge
Called the reverse stair case
Ex: Zn+2, Cd+2, Ag+1
Some elements act like transition metals
Ex. Sn and Pb

25. Roman Numerals System used to indicate numbers
II = 2
III = 3
IV = 4
V = 5
We use Roman Numerals when naming to indicate charge of transition metals
Copper (II) = Copper +2
Iron (II) = Iron +2
Chromium (III) = chromium +3
Transition Metals with Fixed charges DO NOT get roman numerals: Silver +1, Zinc +2, Cadmium +2