1. Comparison of Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) disease between Tanzania and Kenya
C.G. Gitao S.M. Kihu, L.C. Bebora, J.M. Njenga, G.G. Wairire N. Maingi, Muse E.A. Karimuribo E.D. , Misinzo G., L.S. B. Mellau, Msoffe P.L.M, SwaiE.S. and Albano M. O.

2. PPR Disease
PPRV has been classified into four lineages that are distinct to different geo-graphical locations based on variable nucleotide sequences of the nucleoprotein (N) gene.
Western and Central African PPRV cluster into Lineages I and II,
Eastern African and PPRV found in the southern part of Middle East cluster into Lineage III while Asian PPRV mainly cluster into Line-age IV

3. Data collection 2011
Tanzania sample collection
Kenya- data collection

4. PPR in Kenya First suspected in Kenya, 1992, 1995
Clinical Cases in
Survey in Turkana

5. Post mortem Kenya-Turkana 2011
Hepatized apical lobe; Swollen mesenteric lymph nodes
Samples were positive by reverse transcriptase RNA. The
positive samples were sequenced and identified as belonging to peste des petits
ruminants virus (PPRV) lineage III. Full-genome analysis of one of the positive
samples revealed that the virus causing disease in Kenya in 2011 was 95.7% identi-
cal to the full genome of a virus isolated in Uganda in 2012 and that a segment of
the viral fusion gene was 100% identical to that of a virus circulating in Tanzania
in 2013.

6. Tanzania- Muse 2011
Serological evidence of PPR in Ngorongoro 2004
PPR first reported outbreaks in Tanzania in 2008 in the Northern Zone districts bordering Kenya.
2011 Tandahimba and Newala- History of recently purchased live animals- from Pugu live goat market
No history of vaccination-
High prevalence in adults as compared to young
Fever, Discharges, reddening of conjunctiva, Matting of eyelids; respiratory distress and coughing Ulcers were found on soft and hard palates, on nose, lips and face Diorrhoea, respiratory
Extensive nodules all over the body: were firm, freely movable with the skin, and were not painful on palpation

7. Abortions in two goats reported
PPR 2011 Tandahimba
Abortions in two goats reported
Orchitis and posthitis were noted in animals with ulcerated nodules on the scrotum and prepuce respectively.
Lesions more severe in goats than sheep. Data collected from the study area in Tandahimba district showed 73.1%, 37.4% and 51.2% disease morbidity, crude mortality and case fatality percentages respectively
Low sero-prevalence rates- 31%
Little GIT involvement[ severe respiratory involvement – severe consolidation of the lung parenchyma Lungs showed increased thickness of inter-alveolar walls, infiltration of mononuclear cells and moderate number of neutrophils in the alveolar walls and bronchiolar sub-epithelial layer zz

8. PPR Manifestation Lineage II and IV
Tanzania-Tandahimba & Newala Districts
PPRV strains from Tanzania were clustered in two distinct lineages. One group of Tanzanian strains clustered within lineage IV with previously characterized strains from Middle East Another strain clustered within lineage II, a lineage desribed in Uganda and showed 98% identity with a virus from Nigeria (Nig/75/1), which is used as vaccine virus strain in many countries.

9. Tanzania Ngorongoro(N) and Movomero(E) 2013 Kgotlele et al.,
Samples obtained from live goats with clinical presentation suggestive of PPR and goats that died naturally in Ngorongoro (Northern Tanzania) and Mvomero (Eastern Tanzania) districts.
Typical clinical signs and postmortem
Phylogenetic analysis, based on the N gene, indicated that PPRV obtained from Northern and Eastern Tanzania clustered with PPRV strains of Lineage III,

10. Challenges Insecurity Difficult terrain Mobile research unit