1. Effect of ZDP Chemistry on Three Way Catalysts (TWC) Phosphorous Exposure and Emissions Performance
E. Bardasz, L. Williams - Lubrizol Corporation
C. Hubbard, M. Riley - Ford Motor Company
Presented to ESCIT
Ann Arbor, MI
August 8th, 2006

2. The Phosphorous Issue in TWC
Problem Definition
ZDPs compounds are very effective antiwear/antioxidant/anticorrosion agents
As ZDPs decompose to protect engine parts, certain volatile P species exit engine, interact with TWCs and reduce their effectiveness/service life

3. NYC Taxi Test Vehicles: 2003 Ford Crown Victoria with Ford 4.6 L V-8
Test Duration: 100,000 miles
Oil Change Interval: 5,000 miles
Service: moderate to high temperature urban driving
Two lubricants GF-4, 5W-20, 0.076% P:
Conventional ZDP
Low Impact ZDP (LIZDP)
Evaluations:
EOT Engine Parts Inspection
Used Oils Analysis
Aged Catalysts Emissions Efficiency Assessments: FTP-75
Post Mortem Aged Catalyst Analysis

4. Camshaft Lobes @ 100K miles
Conventional ZDP
Low Impact ZDP
Equivalent wear protection

5. Cylinder Heads @ 100K miles: Clean Engines, No Differences in Deposits & Sludge
Conventional ZDP
Low Impact ZDP

6. Low Impact vs. Conventional ZDP
Summary of Used Oils Analysis @ 100K miles
Fluid Performance
Low Impact vs. Conventional ZDP
Pentane Insolubles
Equivalent
C=0
RONOx
MRV-35, CCS
Low Impact ZDP Better
Wear Metals
% Viscosity Increase

7. Drain Oil Analysis: TBN/TAN Crossover

8. TWC Exposure Based on Measured P Retention in Drains
52% less P exits engine from LIZDP containing fluids!

9. Aged Catalysts Efficiency Assessments: FTP-75
Data Examined: CO, NOx, THC, and THC Light-Off Time (Bag 1)

10. Crown Victoria: Exhaust System - Light-Off Catalyst (right side)
Emissions Measurements:
Right + Left side samples probes were teed together

11. Positive Effect of Low Impact ZDP on THC Light-Off Cat Efficiency: Observed Statistically Significant Differences
% Efficiency
Fresh catalyst = 29.1 secs
Low Impact ZDP =30.9 secs
Conventional ZDP = 32.7 secs.
Time (sec)

12. Statistically Significant Improvements in NOx Efficiency Related to P Exposure over FTP Cycle
10.3 percentage point difference

13. Aged Light off Catalyst Analysis: Observed 30 % Reduction in P Concentration
measured
by XRF
INLET
OUTLET
Inlet :
Exhaust gases generated by Low Impact ZDP deposited significantly smaller amount of P (30% reduction) containing compounds than conventional ZDP
Outlet:
Detected minimal amounts of P
¼ Brick
¼ Brick
% P
measured
by XRF

14. Conclusions
NYC Taxi Trial Conducted with % P, GF4 Fluids Demonstrated that Lubrizol’s Environmentally Superior ZDP:
Keeps P in crankcase oil
Maintains excellent antiwear/antioxidancy performance in the field
Deposits less P on the catalyst resulting in statistically significant
Improved THC light-off time
Lowered NOx emissions .
Lubrizol’s low impact ZDP clearly shows improvements in TWC efficiencies and protects engines in real world field service.