1. AN EMPIRICAL STUDY OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY OF CLOTHES DRYERS

2. Goals of the Research Assess the overall environmental impact of a clothes dryer Evaluate a “real” efficiency value for clothes dryers Find the most significant factors contributing to the efficiency Note the effect of different variables Suggest a means for consumers to reach a “best efficiency” setting Discover ways in which to improve the efficiency of a dryer Suggest ways to improve the safety of the dryer

3. Impact of a Dryer On average, a dryer uses 1079kWh per year Total consumption of approximately 66B kWh each year in the U.S. alone – or ~7 x 1GW power plants –Emitting ~ 70M metric tons of CO 2 –Equivalent to 1M cars driven 12,000 miles In 1998, dryers caused: –15,600 fires –20 deaths, 370 injuries –$75.5M in direct property damages

4. Experimental Setup Monitoring and datalogging of: input/output temperature, input/output humidity, air velocity, power consumption

5. Experimental Procedure dry weight of clothes was measured. clothes were soaked in water then wrung out to simulate the spin cycle of a conventional clothes washer. damp clothes were weighed, and the amount of water in the clothes was calculated. damp clothes were placed in the dryer. The data logging equipment was initialized and the dryer was started. The dryer was stopped when the absolute humidity of the exhaust air reached ambient absolute humidity. The clothes were weighed again to determine if any noticeable moisture was left.

6. Calculations From raw data, we can calculate useful values –Estimated dryer efficiency (based on latent heat) –Mass flow rate of evaporated water at any single time

7. Sample Data Results AnalysisUnit1,125 kg2,22kg2,97kg4.34kg Drying time min37.555.568.584 Total electrical power used kJ4080.96005.87343.2 8569.2 Actual mass of water evaporatedkg0.561.151.552.175 Energy needed to evaporate water kJ1347.782780.563751.945281.86 Actual dryer efficiency 33%46%51%62% Cumulative mass air flow water evaporated kg0.330.841.242.18 Energy needed to evaporate water kJ792.132046.023014.135296.55 Computed dryer efficiency 19%34%41%62% Error % 41%26%20%0.3%

8. Observations For loads with 0.56, 1.15, 1.55, and 2.18 kg of water in the clothes there is a correlation between the weight of the dryer load and: –drying time (37.5, 55.5, 68.5, 84.0 min) –maximum rate of water evaporated (0.21, 0.35, 0.43, 0.59 kg/sec) –Efficiency (19, 33, 39, 62%)...and an inverse correlation with: –average in/out temp increase (16.7, 13.6, 12.0, 10.1 C) –max in/out temp increase (21.3, 19.9, 19.2, 19.0 C) –Computed error (41, 26, 20, 0.3%)

9. Plot of Experimental Data

10. Plot Explained

11. Sources of Error? 1 To explain higher error rates in low mass tests, calculations redone via psychrometric charts –15C @ 30% RH: chart=0.174 g/s, formula=0.179 –20C @ 30% RH: chart=0.232 g/s, formula=0.241 –20C @ 90% RH: chart=0.717 g/s, formula=0.722 –30C @ 50% RH: chart=0.704 g/s, formula=0.704 –35C @ 30% RH: chart=0.551 g/s, formula=0.550 –40C @ 10% RH: chart=0.232 g/s, formula=0.237 –45C @ 10% RH: chart=0.305 g/s, formula=0.303 Difference less than 4%, therefore formula not high source of error

12. Sources of Error? 2 Formula uses density of “dry air” instead of density of the moist air exiting dryer –Density of air changes as moisture content changes –Taking highest value of moisture content from data, density of moist air was calculated –Moist air was 0.9% less dense than dry air –Using density of dry air in calculations not a significant source of error

13. Conclusions Good preliminary results, but some notable error More tests to be conducted to determine impact of more variables More testing to determine sources of high error Wish to find a better approximation for the absolute energy needed to evaporate water form a medium

14. Thank you for your attention! Questions?