1. Energy

2. Give examples of kinetic vs potential energy.
WHAT IS ENERGY?
What is ENERGY? The capacity to do work and transfer heat.
What is WORK? Matter movement.
Forms of energy - light, heat, electricity, chemical energy, mechanical energy, and nuclear energy.
Give examples of kinetic vs potential energy.

3. Electromagnetic Spectrum
Transverse waves
Different wavelengths and frequencies
Ionizing radiation - harmful
Non-ionizing radiation – not harmful

5. Heat Energy What is temperature?
The average speed of the motion of the molecules in a given sample of matter
What is heat?
The total kinetic energy of all the moving molecules within a given substance or energy that can be transferred between objects of different temps

6. How is heat transferred?

7. Energy Quality An energy source’s ability to do useful work
High-quality - organized or concentrated - can perform useful work
Electricity, coal, gasoline, sunlight, uranium
Low - quality - disorganized or dispersed- can perform little useful work
Heat in water, air, etc.

8. Changes in Matter Physical Change Chemical Change
Chemical nature is not changed.
What are some examples of physical changes?
Chemical Change
What is an example?
What is a CHEMICAL Equation?
Reactants Products

9. Law of Conservation of Matter
All the matter on earth is here and cannot be “thrown away” - there is no “away”
Earth is a closed system
Matter cannot be created nor destroyed
Matter is not consumed

10. Law of Conservation
How does the Law of Conservation apply to pollution?

11. Nuclear Changes
When nuclei of certain isotopes spontaneously break down into one or more different isotopes.
Three types:
1. Natural radioactive decay
2. Nuclear fission
3. Nuclear fusion

12. Natural Radioactive Decay
Unstable isotopes - radioisotopes - spontaneously break down and emit:
Alpha particles - positively charged helium nuclei
Beta particles - high speed electrons
Gamma rays - high speed ionizing electromagnetic radiation

13. Nuclear Fission
Nuclei of atoms with large mass numbers are split into lighter nuclei
Releases more neutrons and energy
Critical mass needed to start reaction
Atomic bombs - uncontrolled nuclear fission
Damage cells
Used in nuclear power plants

14. Nuclear Fusion
Two isotopes of light elements are combined under great heat and pressure to form a heavier nucleus
Harder to initiate
Thermonuclear weapons
The sun

15. Half-Life Rate of decay
Time needed for one half of the nuclei in a radioisotope to decay and emit their radiation
Eventually forms a new element
Is not affected by temp. pressure, chemical changes, etc.
Rule is store for 10 half-lives for safety

16. Half-Life

17. Thermodynamics
First Law—energy is neither created nor destroyed but it may be converted from one form to another.
Energy input always equals energy output
You can’t get something for nothing - cannot get more energy out of a system than is put in!!!
Second Law (Entropy)—During energy changes, some useful energy is always degraded to lower quality less useful energy (heat).
We ALWAYS end up with less useful energy than we started with.
An incandescent light bulb - 5 % light, 95% heat

18. More on 2nd law
We can NEVER recycle or reuse high quality energy to do useful work.
You get high quality matter and energy in your body, you use it and you add low quality waste matter and heat to the environment. VS

19. What is Energy Efficiency?
A measure of how much useful work is accomplished by a particular input of energy into a system.
Always measured as a percent (%).
Affects life because high quality matter and energy is used, but the use adds low quality heat and waste back into the environment.

20. Efficiency (%) = 100 x energy out/ energy in
An Example
Processes involved in a coal-fired power plant:
Efficiency (%) = 100 x energy out/ energy in
Process
Energy in (MJ)
Energy out (MJ)
Efficiency (%)
Extraction
100 80
Processing
73.6
Transportation 72
Conversion 27
Transmission 25
OVERALL