1. Matter

2. B. Matter has different properties or characteristics.
What is Matter? A. Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space.
B. Matter has different properties or characteristics.
{ Chemistry is the study of the properties of matter and how matter changes.}

3. Matter anything that has mass and takes up space Examples:
a brick has mass and takes up space
a desk has mass and takes up space
a pencil has mass and takes up space
air has mass and takes up space
All of the above examples are considered matter because they have mass and take up space.

4. II. Composition of Matter
Substance – matter with a fixed composition or make up. It also has definite properties. It is pure.
Sodium Chloride, NaCl (table salt) is always exactly the same no matter what brand it is or where it comes from. It is a pure substance.

5. “substances” or “not a substance”
Group as
“substances” or “not a substance”
table salt pizza distilled water
4. silver 5. air mud 7. oxygen
8. Sugar 9. rock tap water

6. Substance: table salt, sugar, distilled water, silver, oxygen.
Not substances: pizza, air, mud, rock, tap water.

7. What is an atom? A. Two parts of the atom: nucleus & electron cloud
1. Nucleus – small, dense center of the atom
Positive charge (+)
Contains protons & neutrons
Both have almost the same size
Protons have a (+) charge
Neutrons have a neutral charge.
2. Electron Cloud – area around the nucleus
Contains electrons
Negative (-) charge
Smaller than protons and neutrons
Protons
Neutrons - - + + + -
Electrons
Nucleus

8. Atoms are the tiny units that determine the property of all materials
Atoms are the tiny units that determine the property of all materials. They are the building blocks of molecules. Atoms are the smallest part of an element that still has the element’s properties. An atom of gold is different from an atom of Oxygen.

9. Atoms
smallest possible unit into which matter can be divided, while still maintaining its properties
over 100 different kinds of atoms exist (≈ 90 occur naturally and ≈ 25 made in labs)
cannot be seen by the naked eye or even an optical microscope
can combine, or bond, to create additional types of matter
always moving when above the temperature of absolute zero - + - + + - + -
Taking a closer look will reveal that atoms are composed of smaller parts

10. Atoms are so small that…
it would take a stack of about 50,000 aluminum atoms to equal the thickness of a sheet of aluminum foil from your kitchen.
if you could enlarge a penny until it was as wide as the US, each of its atoms would be only about 3 cm in diameter – about the size of a ping-pong ball
a human hair is about 1 million carbon atoms wide.
a typical human cell contains roughly 1 trillion atoms.
a speck of dust might contain 3x1012 (3 trillion) atoms.
it would take you around 500 years to count the number of atoms in a grain of salt.
C-C-C-C-C-… + 999,995 more
1 trillion atoms  .
Is made of approximately 3 trillion atoms
Just one of these grains

11. Two types substances:
Elements & Compounds

12. Compounds are molecules but not all molecules are compounds
Combining Atoms
There are over one hundred different types of atoms and they often combine to make new substances known as molecules and compounds
Molecule
Results from the bonding (covalent) of
two or more atoms
Compound
A substance that contains two or more different elements (atoms)
Example – Oxygen Gas (O2)
Example – Water (H2 O)
Compounds are molecules but not all molecules are compounds

13. Element a pure substance made up of one kind of atom
cannot be broken down or separated into simpler substances by physical or chemical means
Over 100 kinds of elements exist
90 occur naturally on Earth
25 were made by scientists in labs

14. - Symbols are used to represent names. O oxygen, He helium
Element – a substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances. An element is the simplest substance.
- Symbols are used to represent names. O oxygen, He helium
1st letter capital; 2nd letter lower case if there is one
Identified by its specific physical and chemical properties

15. H2O, water, is always 2 Hydrogen atoms and one Oxygen atom.
Compound – substance made of atoms of more than one element bound together in a specific ratio. (2 or more elements combine chemically to make a compound)
H2O, water, is always 2 Hydrogen atoms and one Oxygen atom.

16. Combine chemically
New compound has totally different properties than the original elements.
Oxygen and Hydrogen are gasses but water H2O is a liquid
Always combine in a specific ratio
Ex: H2O = 2 H’s (hydrogen)
1 O (oxygen)
Water is always H2O

17. Comparing Atoms, Molecules, Compounds, and Elements
What’s
the matter?
Element
Compound
(or molecule)

18. Building Molecules/Compounds
O = O
H – O - H
Structural Diagrams
Show atomic arrangement of
molecule/compound
Oxygen Gas
(O2)
Water
(H2O)
Chemical Bond
Link holding atoms together
Chemical Symbol
Abbreviation for the element/atom
Propane
(C3H8)
Glucose
(C6H12O6)

19. Molecule, Compound, or Both?
Nitrogen
Cl2
Chlorine
NO2
Nitrogen Dioxide
CO2
Carbon Dioxide O2
Oxygen
CH4
Methane H2
Hydrogen NO
Nitric Oxide
H2O
Water

20. Combining Molecules/Compounds
a combination of two or more substances that do not combine chemically, but remain the same individual substances is known as a mixture
can be separated by physical means
two types
Heterogeneous
Homogeneous
Based on the prefixes
“hetero” and “homo,”
what do you think are
characteristics of these
two types of mixtures?

21. Mixture – combination of more than one pure substance (element, compound, or both) which are not chemically combined but are together in the same place combines physically - each part keeps its own identity - combines in any ratio

22. Two types of mixtures:
a. Heterogeneous mixture – can see the different parts that make it up; non-uniform; Ex: vegetable soup, salads
b. Homogeneous mixture- cannot see the different parts that make it up; uniform; also called a solution (solid, liquid or gas)
Air, brass, plastic, crystal light

23. Heterogeneous Mixture
“hetero” means different
consists of visibly different substances or phases (solid, liquid, gas)
a suspension is a special type of heterogeneous mixture of larger particles that eventually settle
Example:
Notice the
visibly
different
substances
Trail Mix

24. Homogeneous Mixture “homo” means the same
has the same uniform appearance and composition throughout; maintain one phase (solid, liquid, gas)
commonly referred to as solutions
Example:
Notice the
uniform
appearance
Salt Water

25. Solute – substance being dissolved (usually in the smallest amount) Ex. Salt
Solvent – substance doing the dissolving (usually in the largest amt) Ex. Water
Solution – all of it together – Example Salt Water
Dissolve -  to become broken up or absorbed by something or to disappear into something else.

26. Chemical Reactions Endothermic Reaction Exothermic Reaction
 is a chemical reaction that is accompanied by the absorption of heat
Examples – Melting Ice, Evaporation of water, cooking an egg
Endothermic Reaction
is a chemical reaction characterized by or causing the liberation or release of heat.
Examples – Making Ice Cubes, Flame, Rusting
Exothermic
Reaction

27. Physical Properties of Matter
any property of matter that can be observed or measured without changing the identity of the matter
Examples
color
shape
taste
state/phase
density
D = m V

28. Chemical Properties of Matter
any property of matter that describes a substance based on its ability to change into a new substance
Examples
flammability
reactivity with vinegar
reactivity with oxygen
Iron + Oxygen  Iron oxide (rust)
4Fe + 3O2  2Fe2O3

29. Electrical conductivity
Physical Properties
Electrical conductivity
Density
Thermal conductivity
Solubility
Malleability
Luster
Melting Point
Boiling point
Magnetic attraction

30. Chemical Properties Ability to rust Ability to tarnish Reactivity
Flammability
Reactivity

31. Chemical or Physical Property?
Paper is white
Boiling point of H2O is 100oC
Zinc reacts with hydrochloric acid and creates hydrogen gas
Nitrogen does not burn
Sulfur smells like rotten eggs
Physical Property
Physical Property
Chemical Property
Chemical Property
Physical Property

32. Comparing Physical and Chemical Properties
Substance/Matter
Physical Property
Chemical Property
Helium
Less dense than air
Nonflammable
Hydrogen
Flammable
Wood
Grainy texture
Baking soda
White powder
Reacts with vinegar to produce bubbles
Powdered sugar
Does not react with vinegar
Rubbing alcohol
Clear liquid
Red food coloring
Red color
Reacts with bleach and loses color
Iron
Malleable
Reacts with oxygen

33. Physical Change a change in shape, size, color, or state
a change without a change in chemical composition
a change that is reversible
Examples
tearing paper
cutting your hair
change in state

34. combining sulfuric acid and sugar
Chemical Change
a change in which a substance becomes another substance having different properties
a change that is not reversible using ordinary physical means
Changes that usually cause heat, sound, light, odor, fizzing/foaming, color changes
You usually need more than one of the above characteristics to be considered a chemical change!
Examples
combining sulfuric acid and sugar
burning a piece of wood
soured milk

35. Chemical or Physical Change?
Bending a Paper Clip
Baking a cake
The sublimation of carbon dioxide
Crushing an aluminum can
Vinegar and baking soda combining to create salt and water
Physical Change
Chemical Change
Physical Change
Physical Change
Chemical Change

36. Mass vs. Weight Mass Weight
a measure of how much matter an object is made of
does not change, regardless of where something or someone is
Weight
the force of gravity on an object
equal to the mass of the body times the local acceleration of gravity
Mass = 59 kg
Mass = 59 kg
Weight = 579 N
Weight = 96 N

37. 4 Physical States of Matter
Solid
Liquid
Gas
Plasma

38. Solid particles are tightly compact
particles vibrate without the ability to move freely
definite shape and volume

39. Liquid
particles are tightly compact, but able to move around close to each other
no definite shape, but definite volume

40. Gas particles can easily spread out or move close together
particles move freely and with a lot of energy
no definite shape or volume
Gas Simulation

41. Plasma
Why do you think this is the most common form/state of matter in the universe?
exist at extremely high temperatures (several million degrees Celsius)
particles are broken apart
particles move freely and with extremely high energy
this form is not too common on Earth, however it is the most common form of matter in the universe
No definite shape or volume (?)
Examples: florescent and neon lights, lightning, aurora borealis - + + + - -

42. Energy and the States of Matter
The physical states of matter result from the amount of energy the particles composing the matter have. Basically, more energy means more movement for the particles and less energy means less movement.
If you were to compare an ice cube and the steam created
from boiling water, which would you think has more energy?

43. States of Matter Continuum
What about this continuum could
be considered a little misleading?
Taken from:

44. State the Phase - + + + - -
Plasma
Solid
B.E.C.
Liquid
Gas

45. Density
a measure of the amount of matter (mass) present in a given volume of a substance
typically expressed in the following units:
grams per cubic centimeter (g/cm3) for solids
grams per milliliter (g/ml) for liquids
does not depend on how much of a substance you have (intrinsic property) – in other words, the density of a gold bar would be the same as the density of a gold flake
can change as temperature and pressure change
Which do you think
is more dense? Why?

46. Calculating Density
Density can be calculated by dividing the mass of an object by its volume
Sample Problem
Timothy found a solid metal block
that has a mass of 100 grams and
a volume of 25 cm3. What would be
the density of the block?
D = m V
D = =
100 grams
4 grams
cm3
25 cm3

47. Practice Problems D = D = 27 g 3.86 grams cm3 7 cm3 20 grams
Find the density of a substance with a mass of 27 g and a volume of 7 cm3.
2. A block of maple has a mass of 20 grams and a volume of 26.5 cm3. What is the density of the block?
D = m V
27 g
3.86 grams
cm3
D = =
7 cm3
D = m V
20 grams
0.75 grams
cm3
D = =
26.5 cm3

48. The Density Triangle
V = m D
D = m V
m = D V . m . D V

49. Volume
Volume is the quantity of three-dimensional space occupied by a liquid, solid, or gas. Common units used to express volume include liters, cubic meters, gallons, milliliters, teaspoons and ounces.