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Demography Arithmetic population density: number of people/km2 (or mile) Physiologic population density: number of people/km2 (or mile) of arable land Agricultural density – number of farmers per arable land Ecumene – portion of Earth’s surface occupied by permanent human settlement Nonecumene – uninhabited or sparsely populated Since women have longer life expectancies than men, the majority of older persons in developed countries are women. Since women tend to outlive men, they are often single in older age while men tend to remarry. In developed countries, the older populations are growing at significantly faster rates than the younger population as a result of low birth and death rates. In many Presidential elections, the age group has higher voter turnout rates than any other age group
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Some areas of North America’s population have clusters of high density areas – such as the megalopolis extending from Boston to Washington, DC. (de Blij 43) approx. with a population density of per sq. km New York City has a population density of 67,000 / sq. mile (Rubenstein)
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Overpopulation Carrying Capacity J-Curve – a graph representing exponential growth S-Curve – the flattened out part of the curve represents a population size consistent with and supportable by the exploitable resource base – have reached the homeostatic plateau Zimbabwe, Mozambique, and Sierra Leone all have low life expectancies
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DTM: The Classic Stages
Women worldwide are having fewer children in their lifetimes, from an average of five children born per woman in the 1950s to below three in 2000. All of the most recent projections put forth by the UN assume that levels of childbearing will continue to decline in the next century. Note: Natural increase is produced from the excess of births over deaths.
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Population Statistics
NIR TFR CDR CBR IMR Doubling Times Life Expectancy ZPG Remittance is the term for when a migrant sends money back to family still living in her or his home country. It is considered a form of international aid
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A cohort is a group of people that share characteristics or experiences. In population geography, a cohort is any group of individuals that is from the same generation
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Statistics for England
Year CBR CDR Population 1750 40 6 1800 34 20 9 1850 22 18 1900 28 16 32 1950 12 44 2000 11 10 60
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Countries with Low Fertility
Decline or Growth, Percent Country (average number of children per woman) Thailand (1.7) China (1.6) Armenia (1.3) Trinidad & Tobago (1.6) Italy (1.3) Russia (1.4) All countries shown here have below “replacement level” childbearing —the level required for population to ultimately stop growing or declining. Yet, half will continue to grow and half are projected to decline by 2050. This disparity is due to the effects of population momentum. In populations with a young age structure, even if fertility declines sharply, the numbers of children will continue to increase for a generation as the cohorts of young people pass through their reproductive years. Consequently, populations will continue to grow for decades even if fertility is instantly reduced to replacement level. On the other hand, some low-fertility countries are subject to negative population momentum. Their populations have aged enough to result in relatively small cohorts under age 30, and therefore even if fertility were to rise to replacement level, population size would decline for sometime. Source: Population Reference Bureau, 2005 World Population Data Sheet. The diffusion of fertility control is the spread and use of birth control in an area. In the Middle East the diffusion of fertility control is greater than 4 (high), while in North America, Russia, and Europe it is below 2.1 (low). In South America it is between 2 and 3 (moderate)
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Population Pyramids Cohort Population (demographic) momentum
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Typical pyramids
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Government Population Policies
Expansive Population Policies – ex. Europe Eugenic Population Policies – designed to favor one racial or cultural sector, ex. Japan Restrictive Population Policies – range from toleration of officially unapproved means of birth control to China’s one child only policy (de Blij) Swedish gov’t encouraging w/ little results Catholic countries prohibit birth control yet have slow growth in close by countries, higher growth farther away. Islamic countries experience opposite.
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Malthus & Neo-Malthusian
Malthus – English economist – without checks on the population, it will inevitably increase faster than the food supplies Neo-Malthusians – advocates of population control
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Vocab Age distribution Carrying capacity Demographic equation
Demographic regions Dependency ratio Diffusion of fertility control Disease diffusion Epidemiological Transition model Gendered space Maladaptation Mortality Natality Overpopulation Population explosion Population projection Rate of natural increase Sex ratio Standard of living Sustainability Underpopulation
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Unit 2 Review: Migration
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Types of Movement Cyclic Movement – daily routine takes them through a regular sequence of short moves within a local area – activity spaces Commuting Nomadism Periodic Movement – a longer routine but still results in returning home Migrant labor Transhumance – system of pastoral farming in which ranchers move with the livestock
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Migration International / Internal (inter-regional) Forced / Voluntary
THINK SCALE Migration transition – stage 2 migrants (source countries) move to stage 4 countries (destination countries) Forced / Voluntary Chain Migration
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Migration ??? Explanations/models/yada yada
Push & Pull Factors Economic (remittances) Environmental Cultural Distance decay & intervening opportunities Chain migration Ravenstein’s Law Gravity Model – size and distance affects number of migrants
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Im- or E-migration Patterns
US Immigration Wave Chart! European Immigration Guest workers Emigrants from Cuba Vietnam Haiti
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Internal Migration Urban to Suburban – (counterurbanization)
Or Rural to Urban
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Immigration Restrictions
1920’s Quota Laws and National Origins Act – 2% of number already here Immigration Act of 1965 – hemisphere quotas 1978 global quota Preferences for family sponsored immigrants & Skilled workers or exceptionally talented professionals
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Vocab Activity space Forced Gravity model Internal migration
Intervening opportunity Migration patterns • Intercontinental • Interregional • Rural-urban Migratory movement Periodic movement Personal space Place utility Space-time prism Step migration Transhumance Transmigration Voluntary
