1. Fractional Distillation and Cracking

2. Crude Oil
Crude oil is made from many different sized alkane molecules.
As the size increases the boiling point also increases.
WHY?

3. Distillation
The process of separating mixtures on the basis of boiling points

4. Fractional Distillation

5. Demand for Oil Products

6. Supply Doesn’t Meet Demand
After fractional distillation, it is found that the amount of each fraction produced does not equal the amount required by consumers. What can be done about this problem?

7. Cracking
Cracking is the process of making smaller molecules from larger ones.

8. Catalytic Cracking and Steam or Thermal Cracking
Two Types of Cracking
Catalytic Cracking and Steam or Thermal Cracking

9. Catalytic Cracking
Modern cracking uses zeolites as the catalyst. These are complex aluminosilicates, and are large lattices of aluminium, silicon and oxygen atoms The alkane is brought into contact with the catalyst at a temperature of about 500°C and moderately low pressures. The zeolites are chosen to give high percentages of hydrocarbons with between 5 and 10 carbon atoms - particularly useful for petrol (gasoline)

10. Steam or Thermal Cracking
In thermal cracking, high temperatures (typically in the range of 450°C to 750°C) and pressures (up to about 70 atmospheres) are used to break the large hydrocarbons into smaller ones. Thermal cracking gives mixtures of products containing high proportions of hydrocarbons with double bonds - alkenes.

11. Demonstration of Cracking