1. Political Revolutions and Independence Movements in the Americas

2. What set the stage for the American Colonists to Rebel in 1776?
The ideas of the Enlightenment- “right to life, liberty and property”
The Great Awakening spiritual revival—all people were equal to God ( )
Thomas Paine’s Common Sense
Heavy taxation on the colonists w/o representation in Parliament to pay for the French and Indian War and administering their extensive empire

3. The Declaration of Independence (July 4, 1776)

4. The Declaration of Independence July 1776
48 delegates met in Philadelphia in July 4, 1776 to discuss whether or not to declare independence.
King George III denied “right to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness
to the colonists
Drafted by Thomas Jefferson

5. The Declaration of Independence July 1776
God is the “Supreme Judge of humans and nations”
27 grievances against the British
The British government responded to the Declaration as “rash and impudent.”

6. The Declaration of Independence July 1776
surprised at how quickly the situation in the American colonies had changed.
Recognizing that peaceful reconciliation was impossible, the British government committed to stopping the rebellion forcefully.
The British went on to fight the colonists and be defeated by 1783-securing American independence
Some voting rights for land-owning males, but still slavery

7. The French Revolution “

8. The French-American connection
The Enlightenment and the American Revolution spawned revolution in France
More of a civil war between the lower and upper classes
Shook French society to its core
Financially caused by France’s assistance to American colonists against British-put France in debt

9. The French Revolution

10. Oppression of the Peasants/Middle Class
The Peasants and Middle Class (Bourgeoisie) paid the most taxes

11. The Nobles and the Clergy
Exempt from paying taxes
Collected taxes from the poorer people

12. The French Crisis of 1789
Despite all the tax money coming in, France was still in debt and almost broke
A combination of poor harvests, skyrocketing bread prices and war debts led to the financial crisis

13. The Meeting of the Estates General
Purpose was to help solve France’s financial crisis
They divided French society into 3 orders (estates):

14. 1. The Clergy
Church officials-bishops, cardinals, etc.

15. 2. The Nobility
The rich ladies and lords, dukes, duchesses, etc.

16. 3. The Commoners
Peasants
Middle Class (bourgeoisie)

17. The French Urban Poor 17

18. The Suggested Voting Pattern: Voting by Estates-
Clergy
1st Estate
1 vote
Nobles
2nd Estate
1 vote
1 vote
Commoners
3rd Estate
each had estate 1 vote, but the Commoners were many, always out voted by Clergy and Nobles 2 to 1 18

19. The Number of Representatives in the Estates General: Vote by Head!
Clergy
1st Estate
300
Aristocracy
2nd Estate
300
648
Commoners
3rd Estate
If they voted by head 3rd estate would win

20. “The Tennis Court Oath” by Jacques Louis David
June 20, 1789 20

21. The Tennis Court Oath
Created a Constitutional Monarchy- all laws made by the Assembly, but the King had power to approve or veto (reject) any laws passed by the Assembly

22. Storming the Bastille, July 14, 1789
A rumor that the king was planning a military attack against the National Assembly.
98 died.
73 wounded.
7 guards killed.
It held only 7 prisoners [5 ordinary criminals & 2 locos]. 22

23. The Storming of the Bastille
Causes:
1. 25% of people out of work
2. Bread Prices had doubled

24. The Storming of the Bastille: Results
July 14, 1789
Hundreds of Middle Class
took over Paris military fort- killed soldiers
The Revolutionaries eventually took the fort
National Holiday today

25. Marie Antoinette & Louis XVI
The French Monarchy:
Marie Antoinette & Louis XVI 25

26. Marie Antoinette and the Royal Children26

27. Let Them Eat Cake! Marie Antoinette NEVER said that! “Madame Deficit”
“The Austrian Whore” 27

28. National Constituent Assembly 1789 – 1791: The 3 words of the slogan of the French Revolution
Liberté!
Egalité!
Fraternité!
August Decrees August 4-11, 1789
(All nobles had to renounce their privileges!) 28

29. The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen (1789)
*to proclaim freedom of thought
“men are born free and equal in rights”
Inspired by John Locke
Liberty, property, security and resistance to oppression
Citizen! 29

30. March of the Women, Versailles Palace October 5-6, 1789
A spontaneous demonstration of Parisian women for bread. 30

31. The Last Days of the King and Queen

32. The Last Days of the King and Queen ( October 1789)
The king was thought to be surrounded by evil advisors at Versailles so he was forced to move to Paris and live under house arrest at the Tuileries Palace. 32

33. Louis XVI “Accepts” the Constitution & the National Assembly. 179133

34. The Last Days of the King and Queen
The King agreed to sign the Constitution of 1791
He proceeded to veto key proposals
France proceeded to fight a war against Prussia and Austria
A War against people with kings

35. The Royal Family Attempts to Flee to Austria
June, 1791
Helped by the Swedish Count Hans Axel von Fusen [Marie Antoinette’s lover].
Disguised as peasants
Headed toward the Luxembourg border.
The King was recognized at Varennes, near the border 35

36. The Last Days of the King and Queen (contd)
The National Convention voted 387 to 334 to execute the monarchs.
King sentenced to death by guillotine
January 1793, King Louis XVI was executed
October 1793, the queen was executed

37. Marie Antoinette on the Way to the Guillotine

38. Marie Antoinette Died in October, 1793

39. Robespierre and the Reign of Terror

40. Robespierre and the Reign of Terror
Maximillien Robespierre- the leader of the Reign of Terror
Revolutionary and member of the emerging bourg. Class
Paranoid and Sought to eliminate any “enemies” of democracy and the new Republic of France
Oversaw the French victory over Prussia and Austria Sought to change everyday French Life completely
Renamed days of the week
Replaced the Christian Calendar
Closed down churches
Imprisoned clergy-some executed

41. Committee for Public Safety
Revolutionary Trials
300,000 arrested.
40,000-50,000 executed.

42. Maximillian Robespierre (1758 – 1794)

43. Let terror be the order of the day!
The Reign of Terror
Terror is nothing other than justice, prompt, severe, inflexible. -- Robespierre
Let terror be the order of the day!
The Revolutionary Tribunal of Paris alone executed 2,639 victims in 15 months.
The total number of victims nationwide was over 40,000-50,000!

44. Different Social Classes Executed7% 8%
28%
25%
31%

45. The “Monster” Guillotine
The last guillotine execution in France was in 1939!

46. Religious Terror: To Kill God and Christianity (1793-1794)
The Catholic Church was seen as the enemy of the revolution
Religion was associated with the King Louis XVI and superstitious practices.
Very popular among the radicals.
Therefore, religion had no place in a rational, secular republic!

47. The De-Christianization Program
The adoption of a new Republican Calendar:
Got rid of Sundays & religious holidays.
months named after seasonal features.
7-day weeks replaced by 10-day decades.
the yearly calendar was dated from the creation of the Republic [Sept. 22, 1792]
The Convention symbolically divorced the state from the Church!!

48. The New Republican Calendar
Vendemaire
(Vintage)
22 September-21 October
Brumaire
(Fog)
22 October-20 November
Frimaire
(Frost)
21 November-20 December
Nivose
(Snow)
21 December-19 January
Pluviose
(Rain)
20 January-18 February
Ventose
(Wind)
19 February-20 March
Germinal
(Budding)
21 March-19 April
Floreal
(Flowers)
20 April-19 May
Prairial
(Meadows)
20 May-18 June
Messidor
(Harvest)
19 June-18 July
Thermidor
(Heat)
19 July-17 August
Fructidor
(Fruit)
18 August-21 September
The New Republican Calendar
New Name
Meaning
Time Period
Vendemaire
Vintage
September 22 – October 21
Brumaire
Fog
October 22 – November 20
Frimaire
Frost
November 21 – December 20
Nivose
Snow
December 21 – January 19
Pluviose
Rain
January 20 – February 18
Ventose
Wind
February 19 – March 20
Germinal
Budding
March 21 – April 19
Floreal
Flowers
April 20 – May 19
Prairial
Meadow
May 20 – June 18
Messidor
Harvest
June 19 – July 18
Thermidor
Heat
July 19 – August 17
Fructidor
Fruit
August 18 – September 21

49. A New Republican Calendar Year
Vendemaire
(Vintage)
22 September-21 October
Brumaire
(Fog)
22 October-20 November
Frimaire
(Frost)
21 November-20 December
Nivose
(Snow)
21 December-19 January
Pluviose
(Rain)
20 January-18 February
Ventose
(Wind)
19 February-20 March
Germinal
(Budding)
21 March-19 April
Floreal
(Flowers)
20 April-19 May
Prairial
(Meadows)
20 May-18 June
Messidor
(Harvest)
19 June-18 July
Thermidor
(Heat)
19 July-17 August
Fructidor
(Fruit)
18 August-21 September
A New Republican Calendar Year I
1792 – 1793 II
1793 – 1794
III
1794 – 1795 IV
1795 – 1796 V
1796 – 1797 VI
1797 – 1798
VII
1798 – 1799
VIII
1799 – 1800 IX
1800 – 1801 X
1801 – 1802 XI
1802 – 1803
XII
1803 – 1804
XIII
1804 – 1805
XIV
1805
The Christian Calendar returned in 1806.

50. The De-Christianization Program
The public exercise of religion was illegal.
The Paris Commune supported the:
destruction of religious & royal statues.
ban on clerical dress.
encouragement of the clergy to give up their vocations.
The Cathedral of Notre Dame in Paris was turned into the “Temple of Reason.”

51. The “Temple of Reason”
Come, holy Liberty, inhabit this temple, Become the goddess of the French people.

52. The Festival of Supreme Being
A new secular holiday-God was replaced by the goddess of reason

53. Robespierre –Democratic Dictator

54. The Arrest of Robespierre

55. The Revolution Consumes Its Own Children!
Robespierre, after shooting himself, lies wounded before the Revolutionary Tribunal that will order him to be guillotined, 1794.
Danton Awaits Execution, 1793

56. The 5-Year Rule of the Directory and Napoleon
After the Reign of Terror ended, France was ruled by a 5-man executive board
In 1799, General Napoleon Bonaparte emerged as the most powerful from this 5-man group and took control of France

57. Napoleonic Code, 1804 New Napoleonic Code:
Its purpose was to reform the French legal code to reflect the principles of the Fr. Revolution.
All are equally guilty until proven innocent
Create one law code for France.
Old Code of Law It divides civil law into:
Personal status (estates).
Property.
The acquisition of property.

58. The Influence of the Napoleonic Code
Wherever it was implemented [in the conquered territories], the Napoleonic Code swept away feudal property relations.

59. “Consecration of the Emperor Napoleon & the Empress Josephine,” 1806 by David
Napoleon snatched the crown from the Pope and crowned himself emperor and Josephine empress on December 2, 1804

60. Napoleon’s Throne

61. British Cartoon

62. Marie Louise (of Austria) with Napoleon’s Son
(Napoleon Francis Joseph Charles: )

63. Napoleon’s Empire in 1810

64. Napoleon’s Retreat from Moscow, Russia (Early 1813)
100,000 French soldiers retreated—40,000 survived!

65. Napoleon in Exile on Elba
After Napoleon Invaded Russia in mid winter and lost 500,000
he was forced to give up his power and move to Elba

66. “The Final Napoleonic War”
Napoleon’s “100 Days”
 Britain, Russia Prussia, Austria, Sweden, smaller German states
1815:
France 
Napoléon escaped from Elba and landed in France on March 1, 1815  the beginning of his 100 Days.

67. Prussian General Blücher
Napoleon’s Defeat at Waterloo, Belgium by 3 armies (Britain, Prussia and Austria) (June 18, 1815)
Prussian General Blücher
Duke of Wellington

68. Napoleon on His Way to His Final Exile on St. Helena

69. Napoleon’s Residence on St. Helena

70. Napoleon’s Tomb

71. Hitler Visits Napoleon’s Tomb
June 28, 1940

72. Napoleon and the Revolutions in Latin America

73. Setting the Stage
Successful American Revolution, the French Revolution and the Enlightenment changed ideas amongst Creoles about who should control government
Liberty, Equality and democratic Rule
Many Latin American creoles felt it was time to break free from their Spanish Peninsulares colonial masters

75. Power Structure of Colonial Latin America
Peninsulares (españoles)-whites born in Spain, but living in Latin America
Creoles (criolles)-comes from the Spanish verb “criar” (to breed, to raise)-pure white Spanish blood (or can only have 1/8 Indian), born in LA
Mestizos-mixed white and Indian Mulattos-mixed white and African
African Slaves
Indians (bottom and least power and money)

76. Group and power ranking
Status (1821)
% of population
1.Peninsulares
Landowners, higher politicians, governors, educated
10%
2.Creoles
Military officers, landowners, lower politicians, educated in Enlightenment philosophy
33%
3.Mestizos and Mulattos
Merchants, soldiers, and teachers, workers, some educated
14%
4. Africans
Many were slaves and some free, very poor 5%
5. Indians
Farm laborers, desperately poor
38%

77. Haitian Independence, 1792-1804

78. Haitian Revolution
The white masters of the many blacks (500,000) were brutal to the slaves (St-Dominigue)
Blacks highly outnumbered whites in Haiti
100,00 rebelled led by Toussaint L’ Ouverture; killed many whites
By 1801, even the Dominican side was taken over
Slaves freed on whole island
Toussaint

80. The Haitian Revolution
French sent troops and removed Toussaint from power in 1802
Agreement- French would set slaves free and revolution would end
But another black, General Dessalines took over and declared Saint Dominigue independent called it Haiti which means “Mountainous land” in 1804
Dessalines
John Green Haitian Rev video

81. Spain is weakened further
By the early 1800s, Napoleon had conquered Spain and put in a new King-his brother Joseph (a Frenchman)
Latin American Creoles saw this as their opportunity to declare independence
The rebellions began in 1810 further weakening the Spanish Empire

82. Simón Bolívar “El Libertador” “The George Washington of South America”
Educated in Europe and loved the Enlightenment ideas of John Locke
Well traveled all over Europe and then to the USA

83. Simón Bolívar- su vision
La Gran Colombia (a sort of United States of South America)
Bolivar combined the Enlightenment ideas w/ his own political thinking
Led an army of 2,000 and defeated the Spanish in Colombia (1819)
1821 he won Venezuela’s independence

84. The Union of South American Nations –Bolivar’s Dream Achieved?
UNASUR
Kind of a EU (European Union)
At the Third South American Summit on 8 December 2004, presidents or representatives from 12 South American nations signed the Cusco Declaration, a two-page statement of intent announcing the foundation of the South American Community.
Panama and Mexico attended the signing ceremony as observers.
The group announced their intention to model the new community after the European Union including a common currency, parliament, and passport.
a complete union like that of the EU should be possible by 2019.

85. José de San Martin
Argentine general and the prime leader of the southern part of South America's successful struggle for independence from Spain. .
In 1817, he crossed the Andes from Mendoza to Chile, and prevailed over the Spanish forces liberating Chile.

86. José de San Martin
San Martín seized partial control of the viceroyalty's capital (Lima) on 12 July 1821 and was appointed Protector of Perú
After a closed-door meeting with fellow libertador Simón Bolívar at Guayaquil, Ecuador on 22 July 1822, Bolívar took over the task of fully liberating Peru. San Martín unexpectedly left Perú and resigned the command of his army,
Together with Simón Bolívar, San Martín is regarded as one of the Liberators of Spanish South America.
He is the national hero of Argentina.

87. The Impact and Legacy
The Revolutions led by Toussaint, Bolivar and San Martin inspired other Revolutions:
1. Mexico’s Independence led by Padres Miguel Hidalgo y Jose Maria Morelos (1821)
2. Duarte, Mella and Sanchez in the Dominican Republic (1844)
3. Other movements throughout Central America