1. Section 2: The Visual System
Chapter 3 Lesson 2
Section 2: The Visual System

2. 2. The Visual System

3. Properties of Light Wavelength: distance between peaks
perceived as hue
Some wavelengths beyond human sensation
Amplitude: height of wave
perceived as brightness
Purity: mixture of wavelengths
Perceived as saturation
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4. A. The Visual Stimulus and the Eye
The Structure of the Eye
Sclera
Iris
Pupil
Lens
Recording Images on the Retina
The Lens
Rods
Cones
The Fovea
The Optic Nerve

5. B. Visual Processing in the Brain
Visual Cortex and Feature Detectors
Parallel Processing
Binding

6. Visual Processing Pathway of Visual Information Left Hemisphere
Left Visual Field
Right Visual Field
Pathway of Visual Information
Retina
Optic Nerve
Optic Chiasm: optic nerve fibers divide
Left Hemisphere
Right Hemisphere
Thalamus
Visual Cortex
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7. Opponent-Process Theory
C. Color Vision
Trichromatic Theory
Opponent-Process Theory

8. D. Perceiving Shape, Depth, Motion, and Constancy
The Figure–Ground Relationship
Gestalt Psychology
Depth Perception
Binocular Cues
Convergence
Monocular Cues
Motion Perception
Apparent Motion
Perceptual Constancy
Size Constancy
Shape Constancy
Color Constancy

9. Visual Perception: Shape
Gestalt Psychology
perceptions are naturally organized according to certain patterns
whole is different from the sum of the parts
Gestalt Principles
figure-ground relationship
closure
proximity
similarity
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10. Figure-Ground Relationship
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11. Gestalt Principles Closure Proximity Similarity
Note the rows and columns being different in Similarity.
Similarity
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12. Visual Perception: Depth
The brain constructs perception of 3D from 2D images processed by the retina
Binocular cues
disparity
convergence
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13. Monocular Cues: Familiar Size, Overlap
Note: Instructors should feel free to replace this figure with any picture or pictures illustrating the various monocular cues of depth perception
Photo credit: © Paul Bradbury / age fotostock
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14. Monocular Cues: Height in Field, Linear Perspective
Note: Instructors should feel free to replace this figure with any picture or pictures illustrating the various monocular cues of depth perception.
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Photo credit: Image courtesy National Gallery of Art

15. Monocular Cues: Shading
Note: Instructors should feel free to replace this figure with any picture or pictures illustrating the various monocular cues of depth perception
Image: (c) Pixtal/age Fotostock
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16. Monocular Cues: Texture Gradients
Note: Instructors should feel free to replace this figure with any picture or pictures illustrating the various monocular cues of depth perception
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17. Visual Perception: Motion
Humans have specialized motion detectors
Apparent movement
Note: As with most visual illusions, there are a number of excellent demonstrations of movement aftereffects available online.
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18. Visual Perception: Constancy
Perceptual Constancies
recognition that objects do not physically change despite changes in vantage point and viewing conditions
sensory information (retinal image) changes, but perceptual interpretation does not
size, shape, and color constancies
Activity/Demonstration: If in a face-to-face course, you can easily demonstrate shape and size constancy by walking around the classroom and asking students if you are growing larger or smaller as you move closer to them, and hold up and rotate a book and ask students if the shape of the book changes. Of course, you should point out that the resulting retinal image does change in both cases.
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