1. Covalent Bonding: Orbitals
Chapter 9
Covalent Bonding: Orbitals

2. Figure 9.1: (a) Lewis Structure and (b) Tetrahedral Molecular Geometry of CH4

3. Figure 9.2: Valence Orbitals of Free C Atom

4. Figure 9.3: Formation of sp3

5. Figure 9.4: Formation of sp3 Orbitals

6. Figure 9.5: Energy-Level Diagram Showing Formation of Four sp3 Orbitals

7. Figure 9.6: Sharing Orbitals to Form CH4

8. Figure 9.7: N Atom in NH3 Is sp3 Hybridized

9. Figure 9.8: Hybridization to Form sp2 Orbitals

10. Figure 9.9: Energy-Level Diagram for sp2 Hybridization

11. Figure 9.10: Combination of One s and Two p Orbitals to Form Three sp2 Orbitals

12. Figure 9.11: σ Bonds in Ethylene

13. Figure 9.12: C-C Bond Consists of One σ and One π Bond

14. Figure 9.13: (a) Orbitals Used to Form Bonds in Ethylene; (b) Lewis Structure for Ethylene

15. Figure 9.14: Two sp Orbitals in Linear Arrangement Formed by Hybridization of One s and One p Orbital

16. Figure 9.15: Hybrid Orbitals in CO2 Molecule

17. Figure 9.16: Energy-Level Diagram for Formation of sp Hybrid Orbitals of C

18. Figure 9.17: Orbitals of sp Hybridized C Atom

19. Figure 9.18: Orbital Arrangement for sp2 Hybridized O Atom

20. Figure 9.19: (a) Orbitals used to Form Bonds in CO2; (b) Lewis Structure for CO2

21. Figure 9.20: (a) sp Hybridized N Atom; (b) σ Bonds in N2; (c) π Bonds in N2; (d) Total Bonding in N2

22. Figure 9.21: Set of dsp3 Hybrid Orbitals on P atom

23. Figure 9.22: Structure of PCl5 Molecule
Ken O'Donoghue

24. Figure 9.23: Octahedral Set of d2sp3 Orbitals on S Atom

25. Bonding in XeF4

26. Figure 9.24: Effective Pairs, Their Spatial Arrangement, and Required Hybridization

27. Bond Arrangement in CO; π Bonds

28. BF4-

29. Bond Arrangement in BF4

30. XeF2

31. Bond Arrangement in XeF2

32. Figure 9.25: Combination of H 1s Atomic Orbitals to Form MOs

33. Figure 9.26: (a) MO Energy-Level Diagram for H2 Molecule, (b) Shapes of MOs

34. Figure 9.27: Bonding and Antibonding MOs

35. MO Energy-Level Diagram for H2 Molecule

36. Figure 9.29: MO Energy-Level Diagram for H2- Ion

37. Figure 9.30: MO Energy-Level Diagram for He2 Molecule

38. Figure 9.31: Relative Sizes of Li 1s and 2s Atomic Orbitals

39. Beryllium Metal
Ken O'Donoghue

40. Figure 9.32: MO Energy-Level Diagram for Li2 Molecule

41. Figure 9.33: Three Mutually Perpendicular 2p Orbitals on Two Adjacent Boron Atoms

42. Constructive Interference from Combining Parallel p Orbitals

43. Set of π MOs

44. Figure 9.34: Expected MO Energy-Level Diagram from Combination of 2p Orbitals on Boron

45. Figure 9.35: Expected MO Energy-Level Diagram for B2 Molecule

46. Figure 9.36: Apparatus for Measuring Paramagnetism of a Sample

47. Figure 9.37: Correct MO Energy-Level Diagram for B2 Molecule

48. Figure 9.38: MO Energy-Level Diagrams, Bond Orders, Bond Energies, and Bond Lengths for Diatomic Molecules B2 to F2

49. Fig 9.39: Liquid Oxygen Poured into Space Between Poles of Magnet
Donald W. Clegg

50. Figure 9.40: MO Energy-Level Diagram for NO Molecule

51. Figure 9.41: MO Energy-Level Diagram for NO+ and CN- Ions

52. Figure 9.42: Partial MO Energy-Level Diagram for HF Molecule

53. Figure 9.43: Electron Probablity Distribution in the Bonding MO of HF

54. Figure 9.44: Resonance Structures for O3 and NO3

55. Figure 9.45: (a) benzene molecule (b) two resonance structures for benzene molecule

56. Figure 9.46: σ Bonding System in Benzene Molecule

57. Figure 9.47: (a) π MO System in Benzene; (b) Delocalized π MO over Entire Ring of C Atoms

58. Figure 9.48: (a) π Bonding System in NO3-; (b) Delocalized Electrons in the π MO System of NO3- Ion