1. The Vast World Ocean
Nearly 71 percent of Earth’s surface is covered by ocean.
Oceanography - includes geology, chemistry, physics, and biology to study all aspects of the ocean.

2. Continental Margin
Continental shelves – underwater extension of the continent
contains important mineral deposits, large reservoirs of oil and natural gas, and huge sand and gravel deposits.
Continental slope - connects the continental shelf and ocean floor
Continental rise – gently sloping hill of accumulated sediments at the base of the continental slope.
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3. Continental Shelf

4. Energy Resources from the Seafloor
Oil and natural gas are the main energy products currently being obtained from the ocean floor.

5. Resources from the Seafloor
Other major resources from the ocean floor include sand and gravel, evaporative salts, and manganese nodules.
The offshore sand-and-gravel industry is second in economic value only to the petroleum industry.

6. The Composition of Seawater
Salinity - amount of solids dissolved in water (35 ppt or 3.5%)
2 main dissolved solids:
Chlorine = 55% from earth’s interior (volcanoes)
Sodium = 30.6% from chemical weathering of rocks (carried by rivers)

7. Processes Affecting Salinity
Salinity varies from 33 to 38 ppt

8. Processes Affecting Salinity
Processes that DECREASE
the salinity of seawater:
1. Precipitation
2. Runoff
3. Ice melting
Processes that INCREASE
the salinity of seawater:
1. Evaporation
2. Freezing of sea ice
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9. Ocean Temperature Variation
Temperatures varies with the amount
of sunlight, which depends on latitude.
Thermocline –
begins at 300 meters where there is a rapid change of temperature

10. Water Layers in the Tropics
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11. Ocean Zones 1. Surface Zone: sunny and shallow
2. Transition Zone: Includes the thermocline
3. Deep Zone: dark, a few degrees above freezing, high-density
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12. Ocean Density Affected by: Temperature Lower temp. = higher density
Salinity
Higher salinity = higher density
Depth
Deeper = higher density

13. Factors Affecting Waves
wind speed
length of time the wind has blown
Fetch (distance wind blows)

14. Wave Motion (1) water particles move in a circle energy moves forward
particles return to original position
energy decreases with depth
(2) Breakers
- breaking depth = ½ wavelength
- surf –turbulent water after wave breaks

15. Surface Currents
Ocean current - mass of ocean water that flows from one place to another
Flows horizontally
Caused by wind friction
Warm currents move from equator to poles
Cold currents move from poles to equator

16. Ocean Surface Currents
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Gyres - huge circular-moving current systems
Coriolis effect - deflection of currents away from their original course as a result of Earth’s rotation.

17. Deep Ocean Circulation
Vertical (up and down) movement of water
Density currents = vertical currents of water due to density differences
Upwelling = cold water rising from deep layers to replace warm surface water
Brings nutrients to surface(good for fishing)

18. A Conveyor Belt

19. Effects of Upwelling
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20. TIDES Tides - daily changes in the elevation of the ocean
Due to the gravitational pull of the moon
Most places have 2 high & 2 low tides each day

21. 2 TIDE TYPES SPRING Tide During full & new moon (twice a month)
largest tidal range
moon-earth-sun are all in a straight line

22. 2 Tide Types
2. NEAP Tide
During 1st and 3rd quarter moons (twice a month)
Smallest tidal range
Moon-earth-sun at 90 degree angles

23. Estuaries Estuaries are sometimes called “marine nurseries”
Partially enclosed area where freshwater from rivers meets saltwater (protected from waves)
Nutrient rich from land runoff, highly productive
salinity varies, often based on tides
Estuaries are sometimes called “marine nurseries”
habitats for many juvenile organisms, especially for fishes
many fish are born and grow up in estuaries
migrate to the open ocean

24. Intertidal Zone
The area where the land meets the sea between high and low tides
Organisms adapt to waves, wet or dry conditions, and changes in salinity

25. Coral Reef Clear, warm, coastal waters of tropics and subtropics
Currents and waves constantly bring nutrients
Coral secrete a hard external skeleton of calcium carbonate forming a stony structure of limestone
New polyps attach to old coral and gradually build the reef

26. Coral Reef Vulnerable because: Grow slowly Disrupted easily
Thrive only in clear, warm, shallow water of constant high salinity and temp 18-30C
Increase in temp results in coral bleaching

27. Coral Reefs Fringing reefs Barrier reefs Atolls
Submerged platforms of living coral extending from the shore into the sea (attached to land)
Barrier reefs
Follow the shore but are separated from it by water
Great Barrier Reef is world’s largest
Atolls
Ring-shaped islands of coral in open sea
Form on submerged mud banks or volcano craters
Surround a seawater lagoon

28. Oceanic Pelagic Most of the ocean's water – open ocean
Generally cold - hard to give a general temperature range because of thermal stratification andconstant mixing of warm and cold ocean currents
Large fast swimming predatory fish

29. Oceanic Pelagic Euphotic zone -Lighted upper zone Photosynthesis
Low nutrient levels
High DO
Bathyl – dimly lit middle zone – zooplankton and smaller fish

30. Oceanic Benthos Ocean bottom Abyssal – deep bottom very cold
high pressure
low DO
enough nutrients to support 98% of species of ocean (dead decaying organisms fall)