1. Relative age dating
Earth is very old (4.6 billion years old) and has changed over geologic time
The rock record provides evidence of geological events and life forms of the past.
Relative-age dating tells the sequence of events without exact dates. This is done by comparing one event or rock layer to another. Stratigraphy is the study of rock layers.

2. Principle of superposition
States that in an undisturbed rock sequence, the oldest rocks are at the bottom and as you travel up the rock sequence the layers get younger

3. Principle of Original Horizontality
States that layers of sedimentary rocks are always laid down horizontally (flat)
Tectonic forces (mountain building, uplifting, erosion) may tilt or bend them in the future

4. Principle of Cross-cutting Relationships
States that anything cutting across a rock layer is younger. The rock layer has to be there first.

5. Fault: fracture or break in the rock that results in a mass movement

6. Unconformity
Sometimes deposition is interrupted by erosion events called unconformities.
depositional ends
erosion removes previously formed rocks
deposition resumes
Therefore missing rock layers show missing time
Usually shown on rock sequence maps by drawing a wavy line
The 3 types of unconformities:
Angular
Disconformity
Nonconformity

7. Unconformity: Angular
Angular unconformity : on the bottom are tilted eroded sedimentary layers with horizontal sedimentary layers on top

8. Unconformity: disconformity
horizontal sedimentary layers are interrupted by erosion then more horizontal sedimentary layers are on top
This is a “gap” in the rock record. There is a period of time missing due to either an erosion even or non-deposition of rock for a period of time.

9. Unconformity: nonconformity
igneous or metamorphic rocks on the bottom with sedimentary rocks on top
This occurs when you are missing time because of an igneous or metamorphic event.

10. Let’s practice……
To relative age date, you will place the following layers of rock in sequence from oldest to youngest.

11. One more….