1. Geologic Time

3. Rocks Record Earth History Rocks record geological events and changing life forms of the past. We have learned that Earth is much older than anyone had previously imagined and that its surface and interior have been changed by the same geological processes that continue today.

4. History of Geologic Time Uniformitarianism means that the forces and processes that we observe today have been at work for a very long time.

5. Relative dating tells us the sequence in which events occurred, not how long ago they occurred. Law of Superposition –The law of superposition states that in an undeformed sequence of sedimentary rocks, each bed is older than the one above it and younger than the one below it.

7. The principle of original horizontality means that layers of sediment are generally deposited in a horizontal position.

8. Principle of Cross-Cutting Relationships The principle of cross-cutting relationships states that when a fault cuts through rock layers, or when magma intrudes other rocks and crystallizes, we can assume that the fault or intrusion is younger than the rocks affected

9. Inclusions Inclusions are rocks contained within other rocks. Rocks containing inclusions are younger than the inclusions they contain.

10. Cross-cutting Relationships

11. Formation of Inculusion

12. Unconformities An unconformity represents a long period during which deposition stopped, erosion removed previously formed rocks, and then deposition resumed. An angular unconformity indicates that during the pause in deposition, a period of deformation (folding or tilting) and erosion occurred.

13. Formation of Angular Unconformities

14. A nonconformity is when the erosional surface separates older metamorphic or intrusive igneous rocks from younger sedimentary rocks. A disconformity is when two sedimentary rock layers are separated by an erosional surface

29. Reading the Soil Triangle First- you need to know the percentages of clay, sand, and silt in a soil sample – Ex. 30% clay, 20% silt, & 50% sand Find the percentage Of clay on the left side Draw a line all the way Across.

30. Next find the silt percentage (20%) on the right side of the chart Draw a line from the top right to the bottom left

31. Then find the sand percentage (50%) and draw a straight line from the bottom right to the top left.

32. Find where the three lines intersect, and the that is the soil texture. In this example, a soil sample that is 30% clay, 20% silt, and 50% sand would be classified as "sandy clay loam."