1. THE USES OF TEXT IN MULTIMEDIA
Lecture 2

2. SCA3103 - Introduction to Multimedia
Sesi 2003/04 Sem II
Objective
Media Types
What text is
How text is created and stored in the computer
How text is used in Multimedia Systems
Advantages and Disadvantages of using texts

3. What is Text Basic media for many multimedia systems
Texts in the form of words, sentences and paragraphs is used to communicate thoughts, ideas and facts in nearly every aspect of our lives.
Multimedia products depends on text for many things:
- to explain how the application work
- to guide the user in navigating through the application
- deliver the information for which the application was
designed

4. What is Text Minimize the texts in multimedia application
Texts consists of two structures:
Linear
Non-Linear

5. Linear
A single way to progress through the text, starting at the beginning and reading to the end

6. NON- LINEAR
Information is represented in a semantic network in which multiple related sections of the text are connected to each other
A user may then browse through the sections of the text, jumping from one text section to another.

7. Text Elements
Based on creating letters, numbers and special characters.
Text elements can be categories into:
Alphabet characters : A - Z
Numbers : 0 - 9
Special characters : Punctuation [. , ; ‘ …] , Sign or Symbols [* & ^ % $ £ ! /\ ~ .…]
Also known Character Sets
May also include special icon or drawing symbols, mathematical symbols, Greek Letter etc.

8. Font VS Typefaces Is there a difference?
How do we differentiate one with the other?

9. Font
A ‘font’ is a collection of characters of a particular size and style belonging to a particular typeface family
Usually vary by type sizes and styles
The sizes are measured in points, it does not provide exact height and width or text
This includes the letter set, the number set, and all of the special character and diacritical marks you get by pressing the shift, option, or command/control keys.

10. Arial Typefaces Family
A ‘typeface’ is a family of graphic characters that usually includes many type sizes and styles
A typeface contains a series of fonts. For instance, Arial, Arial Black Arial Narrow and Arial Unicode MS are actually 4 fonts under the same family.
Arial Typefaces Family

11. Fonts Styles
A numbers of effects that are useful for bringing viewer’s attention to content:
Case: UPPER and lower letter
Bold, Italic, Underline, superscript or subscript
Embossed or Shadow
Colours b
Strikethrough

12. Types of Fonts
Two classes of fonts
Serif
Sans Serif

13. Serif Text Decorative strokes added to the end of a letter's
Serifs improve readability by leading the eye along the line of type.
Serifs are the best suited for body text.
Serif faces are more difficult to read in small scale (smaller than 8pt) and in very large sizes.

14. San Serif Text Sans serif faces doesn't have decorative strokes.
A sans serif text has to be read letter by letter.
Use sans serif faces for small (smaller than 8pt) and very large sizes.
Used for footnotes and headlines

15. Types of Fonts: Examples
Examples of San Serif fonts
Times New Roman
Bookman
Rockwell Light
Courier New
Century
Century Gothic
Arial
Comic Sans MS
Impact
Tahoma
Examples of Serif fonts

16. Fonts and Faces
Ascender -The part of lowercase letters (such as k, b, and d) that ascends above the x-height of the other lowercase letters in a face.
Baseline -The imaginary line on which the majority of the characters in a typeface rest.
Descender -The part of lowercase letters (such as y, p, and q) that descends below the baseline of the other lowercase letters in a font face.

17. Weight - The relative darkness of the characters in the various typefaces within a type family, such as thin, light, bold, extra-bold, and black
Width - One of the possible variations of a typeface within a type family, such as condensed or extended
x-height - Traditionally, x-height is the height of the lowercase letter x

18. INTERCAP
Placing an uppercase letter in the middle of a word, called an intercap
For examples used in Company and product names such as WordPerfect, OmniPage, PhotoDisc
emerged from the computer programming community
coders can better recognize the words they used for variables and commands when the words were lowercase but intercapped.

19. Tracking, Kerning and Leading
Tight
tracking
Loose
tracking Av v A
Kerned
Unkerned

20. Reading Line One Leading Ascender : an upstroke on a character
Descender : the down stroke below the baseline of a character
Leading : spacing above and below a font or Line spacing
Tracking : spacing between characters
Kerning : space between pairs of characters, usually as an overlap for improvement appearance

21. FD xhp Text Characteristics Ascender Capital Height x-Height p -Height
This example shows the Times New Roman font
Ascender
Capital Height
x-Height
FD xhp
p -Height
Serif
Descender

22. Bit Mapped System Fonts
Computers and devices use two methods to represent fonts.
One is a bit-mapped font where every character is represented by an arrangement of dots.
To print a bit-mapped character, a printer simply locates the character's bit-mapped representation stored in memory and prints the corresponding dots (Raster).
Each different font, even when the typeface is the same, requires a different set of bit-maps.

23. Vector Graphics Fonts
The second method uses a vector graphics system to define fonts.
In vector graphics systems, the shape or outline of each character is defined geometrically.
The typeface can be displayed in any size, so a single font description really represents innumerable fonts.
For this reason, vector fonts are called scalable fonts  as they can be scaled to any size.
A scalable font is really one font in which the outlines of each character are geometrically defined.

24. Bitmapped and vector fonts
A bitmapped font
A vector font

25. Text Data Files The common data encoding schemes for text are:
Plain text (ASCII) is text in an electronic format that can be read and interpreted by humans
Rich text is similar but it also embeds special control characters into the text to provide additional features
Hypertext is an advance on rich text which allows the reader to jump to different sections within the document or even jump to a new document

26. Text Data Files Hypertext Plain text
This is plain text. It is readable by humans. It can contains numbers (01234) and punctuation since it uses the ASCII character set.
Rich text
This is <bold>rich text</bold>.<br><center>It is also readable by humans but contains additional tags which control the presentation of the text.</center>
Hypertext
This is <a href=“ It uses the rich text format shown above but adds the ability to hyperlink to other documents.<hr><img src=“logo.gif”>

27. Using Text in Multimedia
The text elements used in multimedia are:
Menus for navigation
Interactive buttons
Fields for reading
HTML documents
Symbols and icons

28. Working With Text
Considerations and guidelines when we are working with text:
Be Concise
Use the appropriate typefaces and fonts
Make it readable
Consider type styles and colors
Use restraint and be consistent

29. Designing with Text
If message is a part of interactive project or website where user is seeking information , great deal of text can be packed on the screen.
Too little text on the screen requires annoying page turns and unnecessary mouse clicks and waits.
Too much text can make the screen seem overcrowded and unpleasant.
If the message is presentation slides for public speaking
Use bulleted points on large fonts and few words with lots of white space – audience should focus on the speaker rather than reading the slides.

30. Portrait VS Landscape Portrait Landscape taller-than-wide Printed docs
Wider than tall
Monitor screens

31. Solutions if text is longer than block of text
Use scrolling field
Put the text into a graphic image in a project window, and let the user move the whole window up or down upon command.
This is most appropriate when you need to present text with page breaks and formatting identical to the printed document.
This is used by Acrobat Reader for displaying PDF files.
Break the text into fields, fit on monitor-sized pages, and design control buttons to flip through these pages

32. Advantages and Disadvantages of using texts
Is relatively inexpensive to produce
Present abstract ideas effectively
Clarifies other media
Provides confidentiality
Is easily changed or updated
Disadvantages
Is less memorable than other visual media
Requires more attention from the user than other media
Can be cumbersome

33. Assignment
Difference between ASCII and unicode