1. The End of War, 14 Points, and Treaty of Versailles
Unit # 1 - America as a World Power

2. End of the War Background Notes
Russia pulls out of war in 1917 (due to the revolution)
They make their own peace treaty with Germany
Germans concentrate forces and make a push on the western front
U.S. troops arrive just in time
Battles of Chateau-Thierry, Belleau Wood, and 2nd Marne
No invasion or decisive battle (war of attrition)
a prolonged war or period of conflict during which each side seeks to gradually wear out the other by a series of small-scale actions
Ends in Allied victory

3. Armistice Day November 11, 1918  Armistice Day (cease fire)
Today this is our Veteran’s Day
48,000 U.S. dead in battle, 62,000 of disease
22 Million total deaths in Europe
Armistice Day

4. Section 25.2 – Wilson’s Vision for World Peace
14 Points
Presented in January 1918
Wilson’s Plan for world peace

5. II. Ideals in Wilson’s Fourteen Points
No secret treaties (Alliances)
Freedom of the Seas
Free and open trade
Arms reduction (Militarism)
Self determination (personal independence) of all peoples (Imperialism)
6-13.Boundaries based on nationalities (Nationalism)
14. Formation of the League of Nations

6. Choice of Delegates
III. League of Nations was the most important point.
IV. By choosing only one Republican, Wilson alienated many of the politicians and made it hard to ratify the treaty
V. The League of Nations would have an almost impossible job because to have world peace is idealistic
VI. Wilson was trying to create a peaceful world and prevent future conflicts.

7. What did Wilson hope the League of Nations would accomplish?

8. 25.3 - Ideals vs. Self-Interest at Versailles
From the left: David Lloyd George of Great Britain, Orlando of Italy, Clemenceau of France and Wilson of the United States

9. 25.3- Ideals vs. Self-Interest at Versailles
I. All want world peace
II. All have their own experiences during the war and had own self interests
United States - primarily concerned with maintaining world peace
France – punish Germany
Italy – gain land and spoils of war
Britain – punish Germany, not as bad as France

10. The Issues
III. Wilson gave into other demands because all he was concerned about was forming the League of Nations

11. Treaty of Versailles – June 18,1919
IV. Map altered with little regard for ethnic or true national boundaries (Creates 9 new European nations)
Poland created out of Germany and Russia
France given the Alsace Lorraine province
Czechoslovakia created out of Germany and Austria-Hungary
Yugoslavia created by combining Montenegro, Bosnia, Serbia, Croatia, and other small territories
Austria-Hungary broken up
Other new European countries are Finland, Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, Romania, Bulgaria
England received mandates territorial holdings in the Middle East from the Ottoman Empire

12. Summary of Treaty of Versailles
Germany blamed, demilitarized, forced to pay reparations ($33 billion)
Treaty written without German representation
Anschluss (Combining of Germany and Austria) forbidden forever
League of Nations created but Germany not admitted
V. It blames Germany and makes them pay reparations and does not take into account ethnicities when creating boundaries.

13. Treaty of Versailles Continued
VI. June 18,1919- Treaty of Versailles signed
VII. The “Big Four” have a difficult time compromising on the right course of action for Europe and the world  Main Idea

14. Section 25.4- The Great Debate About Ratification
I. Need a 2/3 vote of Congress to ratify
II. No League of Nations (Reservationists, Irreconcilables)
Fear of war w/out Congressional approval
Reservationists - U.S. involvement in issues beyond its concern
Irreconcilables – no treaty at all!!!
III. For the League of Nations(Internationalists)
Claim that cooperation among nations would create peace
Wilson’s idea and U.S. as a world leader

15. III. Represents the irreconcilables and reservationists because they are afraid the US will be pulled into a future conflict

16. Wilson and the Treaty
IV. Wilson attempted to convince the American public and U.S. Congress to pass a treaty allowing the League of Nations by traveling the country giving speeches
V. Wilson collapses from exhaustion and suffers a stroke days later and can’t get enough support from the public or Senate and the League of Nations begins without the support of the United States

17. Wilson tours America to convince the citizens of the League of Nations

18. 25.5- A Divided Senate Decides the Treaty’s Fate
I. The Treaty falls 7 votes shorts and never passes.
II. The Democrats supported James Cox and the League and the Republicans supported Warren Harding and were against the league
Due to Partisanship –rivalry among political parties, the Republicans win the election easily
III. Because many Americans believed we should get back to isolationism and did not want to be part of the League, the League was created without the US, the US signs its own treaty with Germany, and the election results in a major Democratic defeat.