1. CAR PARKING MANAGEMENT BY RFID
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2. ABSTRACT
RFID based car parking uses a microcontroller along with sensing circuits monitoring entry and exit of cars. The car owners are allowed an entry only when their RFID card is swiped .
The amount in the card automatically gets reduced with a display indication besides indicating the available number of parking.
For loading the amount 2 push buttons are used SW1 for Rs500 and SW2 for 300.Example is shown for 2 cards but it can be extended to many numbers.
An H-bridge arrangement operates the entry and exit boom motors operating clockwise and anticlockwise for opening and closing. A buzzer sound comes while the card is swiped. Upon every entry of a car the parking availability gets reduced by one number while every exit the number increases.
A standard power supply is used.
An LCD displays the status.
A switch is used in place of RFID for minimizing the project cost.

3. BLOCK DIAGRAM

4. HARD WARE EQUIPMENTS POWER SUPPLY MICROCONTROLLER (AT89S52/AT89C51)
H-BRIDGE
DC MOTOR
PUSH BUTTONS
LCD
1N4007
LED
RESISTORS & CAPACITORS
IR LED and PHOTO DIODE

6. EMBEDDED SYSTEMS Definition for :- EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
A combination of hardware and software which together
form a component of a larger machine.
An example of an embedded system is a microprocessor that
controls an automobile engine.
An embedded system is designed to run on its own without
human intervention, and may be required to respond to
events in real time.

7. EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

8. AT89S52 MICRO CONTROLLER Compatible with MCS®-51 Products
8K Bytes of In-System Programmable (ISP) Flash Memory
4.0V to 5.5V Operating Range
Crystal Frequency MHZ
Three-level Program Memory Lock
256 x 8-bit Internal RAM
32 Programmable I/O Lines
Three 16-bit Timer/Counters
Eight Interrupt Sources
Full Duplex UART Serial Channel
Watchdog Timer
AT89S52

9. PIN DIAGRAM OF AT89S52

10. H-BRIDGE

11. These solid state circuits provide power and ground connections to the motor, as did the relay circuits. The high side drivers need to be current "sources" which is what PNP transistors and P-channel FETs are good at.
The low side drivers need to be current "sinks" which is what NPN transistors and N-channel FETs are good at.
If you turn on the two upper circuits, the motor resists turning, so you effectively have a breaking mechanism. The same is true if you turn on both of the lower circuits.
This is because the motor is a generator and when it turns it generates a voltage. If the terminals of the motor are connected (shorted), then the voltage generated counteracts the motors freedom to turn. I
t is as if you are applying a similar but opposite voltage to the one generated by the motor being turned. Vis-ã-vis, it acts like a brake.

12. LED LEDs are semiconductor devices are made out of silicon
When current passes through the LED, it emits photons as a byproduct. Normal light bulbs produce light by heating a metal filament until its white hot
LEDs present many advantages over traditional light sources including lower energy consumption, longer lifetime, improved robustness, smaller size and faster switching

13. DC- MOTOR
A DC motor is an electric motor that runs on direct current (DC) electricity. In any electric motor, operation is based on simple electromagnetism.
A simple 2-pole DC electric motor (here red represents a magnet or winding with a "North" polarization, while green represents a magnet or winding with a "South" polarization).
Every DC motor has six basic parts -- axle, rotor (a.k.a., armature), stator, commutator, field magnet(s), and brushes.

14. PHOTO DIODE
A photodiode is a type of photo detector capable of converting light into either current or voltage, depending upon the mode of operation.
Photodiodes are similar to regular semiconductor diodes except that they may be either exposed (to detect vacuum UV or X-rays) or packaged with a window or optical fibre connection to allow light to reach the sensitive part of the device.

15. IR LED
An IR LED, also known as IR transmitter, is a special purpose LED that transmits infrared rays in the range of 760 nm wavelength.
Such LEDs are usually made of gallium arsenide or aluminum gallium arsenide. They, along with IR receivers, are commonly used as sensors.
The appearance is same as a common LED. Since the human eye cannot see the infrared radiations, it is not possible for a person to identify whether the IR LED is working or not, unlike a common LED.
To overcome this problem, the camera on a cell phone can be used. The camera can show us the IR rays being emanated from the IR LED in a circuit.

16. LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY (LCD)
Most common LCDs connected to the microcontrollers are 16x2 and
20x2 displays.
This means 16 characters per line by 2 lines and 20 characters per line
by 2 lines, respectively.
The standard is referred to as HD44780U, which refers to the controller
chip which receives data from an external source (and communicates
directly with the LCD.

17. LCD BACKGROUND
If an 8-bit data bus is used the LCD will require 11 data lines
(3 control lines plus the 8 lines for the data bus)
The three control lines are referred to as EN, RS, and RW
EN=Enable (used to tell the LCD that you are sending it data)
RS=Register Select (When RS is low (0), data is treated as a command)
(When RS is High(1), data being sent is text data )
R/W=Read/Write (When RW is low (0), the data written to the LCD)
(When RW is low (0), the data reading to the LCD)

19. RFID based car parking uses a microcontroller along with sensing circuits monitoring entry and exit of cars. The car owners are allowed an entry only when their RFID card is swiped .
The amount in the card automatically gets reduced with a display indication besides indicating the available number of parking. For loading the amount 2 push buttons are used SW1 for Rs500 and SW2 for 300.Example is shown for 2 cards but it can be extended to many numbers.
A Motor operates the entry boom clockwise and anticlockwise for opening and closing. A buzzer sound comes while the card is swiped. Upon every entry of a car the parking availability gets reduced by one number while every exit the number increases. A standard power supply is used.
A 16 X2 line LCD display gives the status. In place of RFID, 2 numbers button switches are provided to minimize the cost. However a true RFID module can be used if required for which provisions are available on the PCB.
IR sensors with associated circuits sense the approaching vehicle to send change of logic state to the MC, the output from which drives a motor through transistor bridge for either direction rotation. An LCD display registers all the conditions for information of the user.

20. Standard power supply of 12 volt DC and 5 volt through a regulator are made from a step down transformer along with a bridge rectifier and filter capacitor.
Alternatively a 6 volt battery can be used in series with a diode to get 5 volt approximately.

21. Soft ware requirements
Keil an ARM Company makes C compilers, macro assemblers, real-time kernels, debuggers, simulators, integrated environments, evaluation boards, and emulators for ARM7/ARM9/Cortex-M3, XC16x/C16x/ST10, 251, and MCU families.
Compilers are programs used to convert a High Level Language to object code. Desktop compilers produce an output object code for the underlying microprocessor, but not for other microprocessors.

22. i.e the programs written in one of the HLL like ‘C’ will compile the code to run on the system for a particular processor like x86 (underlying microprocessor in the computer).
For example compilers for Dos platform is different from the Compilers for Unix platform  So if one wants to define a compiler then compiler is a program that translates source code into object code.

23. BIBILOGRAPHY
The Microcontroller and Embedded systems” by Muhammad Ali Mazidi and Janice Gillispie Mazidi , Pearson Education.
ATMEL 89S52 Data Sheets.

24. THANK ‘Q’