1. Integration of ZDC Into CMS Experiments
Kevin Reynolds
Norfolk State University
Michael Murray, Mentor
University of Kansas
August 10, Univ. of Michigan CERN 1

2. Primary Goals for This Project
Assist in the integration of forward detectors, ZDC, and CASTOR into CMS experiment
Work on layout of electronics for ZDC and modification of existing CMS HF electronics to produce technical triggers for CMS global trigger
Assist with beam tests of ZDC and CASTOR and the analysis of the test beam data
August 10, Univ. of Michigan CERN 2

3. ACRONYMS CERN-European (Council) Organization for Nuclear Research
CMS-compact muon solenoid
ATLAS-a toroidal LHC apparatus
ALICE-a large ion collider experiment
LHCb-LHC-beauty
LEP-large electron positron collider
PSB-proton synchrotron booster
PS-proton synchrotron
SPS-super proton synchrotron
TOTEM-total cross section, elastic scattering and diffraction dissociation
ZDC- zero degree calorimeter
CASTOR-CERN Advanced Storage Manager
QIE-charge integrator and encoder
ECAL- electromagnetic calorimeter
HCAL- hadronic calorimeter
PMT-photomultiplier tube
MTCC- magnet test cosmic challenge
UXC- experimental underground crossing
RHIC-relativistic heavy ion collider (BNL)
CMSSW-CMS software
ROOT-an object-oriented data analysis framework
RPC- resistive plate chamber
USLB- optical serial link board
HB- hadronic barrel
TWiki- a “quick” software for generating web pages
I & C-integration and calibration
ME-muon endcap
HE-hadron endcap
TOF-time of flight
DCS- detector control system
ADC-analog digital converter
DAQ-data acquisition software
HI-heavy ion
HIROOT-generator level simulation package for heavy ions
QCD-quantum chromodynamics
VCAL/HF-very forward calorimeter
GUT-grand unified theory
USC- underground service cavern
TAN-neutral particle absorber
GEANT-geometry and tracking
August 10, Univ. of Michigan CERN 3

4. Where We Fit Into the Big Picture…
CMS
LHC
LHCb
SPS
ALICE
Add Airplanes, Add Mountains
ATLAS
Synchrotron Pb
Injector Tunnels PS P
Experimental Station
PSB
August 10, Univ. of Michigan CERN 4

5. Compact Muon Solenoid Peak Luminosity ~ 1 Billion Solar Luminosity
5% uncertainty in peak luminosity measurement, CMS luminosity 10^34, Sun solar luminosity 10^22 cm^-2s^-1, luminosity-proportional to temp., inversely proportional to surface area and radius
August 10, Univ. of Michigan CERN 5

6. Integration of the Zero Degree Calorimeter
Main components for EM and HAD sections (tungsten, PMTs, fibers, frame, etc.) shipped to Previssin site for testing (Aug.1-2,2006)
Assemby begins over weekend (Aug.4,2006)
Readout cables have been cut and are being delivered by CERN ( Aug.4,2006)
Beam tests on ZDC will to begin late Wednesday or early Thursday (Aug. 9,2006)
Installation of ZDC1 into LHC (Sept. 2006)
Peak Luminosity
~ 1/2
Solar Luminosity z
ZDC2
140 m
140 meters away, Complete installation of ZDC1-October 2006, “ “ of ZDC2-July 2007, Pseudorapidity-spatial coordinate of scattered particle relative to the beam axis, ZDC 5.3<η<6.7 (3.13 degrees), EM section-33 layers of 2 mm thick tungsten, HAD Section-24 layers of 15.5 mm thick tungsten, Peak Luminosity in EM~10^11 (photons), HAD~10^9 cm^-2 s^-1(neutrons), number of particles per unit area per unit time, Solar Temp.~ 15 million C, 30 million F
INTERACTION POINT
140 m
ZDC1
August 10, Univ. of Michigan CERN 6

7. Preparation for Beam Tests
The upper part of the beamline sensitive to Cherenkov raditation was disassembled and the lens checked for contaminants. The photomultipler tube was then reassembled, vacuumed down, and refilled with freon gas. The pressure for the tube held over night, a good indication that the chamber was hermetically sealed. ( )
Cherenkov detector
Scintillators
North Area, Previsan
Wire Chambers
Beamline
August 10, Univ. of Michigan CERN 7

8. Electronics: Cherenkov Detector
c>v>vt
Stationary With Respect to Particle
Moving With Respect to Particle v θ v
n>1
Timing good at low momenta, Cherenkov radiation is continuous rather possessing the line or band structure of fluorescence
n>1
cos θc = vt / v = c / (vn) = 1/ (βn)
August 10, Univ. of Michigan CERN 9

9. Npe = L (α2z2 / remec2) ∫ єcoll(E) єdet sin2θc (E) dE
Index of Refraction
cos θc = vt / v = c / (vn) = 1/ (βn)
The emission angle of Cherenkov radiation θc increases with the refractive index of gas n.
The number of photoelectrons Npe detected increases with the refractive index of gas n.
30 mrad ~ 5 degrees, єcoll-efficiency of collecting Cherenkov light, єdet-quantum efficiency of the transducer(PMT or equiv.), E= photon energy, α=fine structure constant,
Npe = L (α2z2 / remec2) ∫ єcoll(E) єdet sin2θc (E) dE
August 10, Univ. of Michigan CERN 10

10. Electronic Layout for ZDC
PMT
QIE
HTR
DCC RU
CPU
Photomultipler Tube (PMT)
Converts photons to electrons via photoelectric effect
Electrons drawn across HV
Cascade of electrons produced from collisions with dynodes
Hadronic Trigger Region (HTR)
Accepts digital signal
Calculates deposited energy and time of flight
Decides which events to save
Charge Integrator and Encoder (QIE)
Accepts analog signal (parallel)
Converts analog to digital
Sends out digitized signal through optical fibers (serial)
Data Concentrator Card (DCC)
Packs data from events
Readout Unit (RU)
Unpacks data so that events can be triggered and read z
August 10, Univ. of Michigan CERN 11

11. Beam Tests: ZDC Readout
August 10, Univ. of Michigan CERN 12

12. Acknowledgements National Science Foundation Ford Motor Company
University of Michigan
Dr. Homer Neal
Dr. Jean Krisch
Mr. Jeremy Herr
Michael Murray, Mentor
David d'Enterria , Co-mentor
Scientists at CERN Previssin site
August 10, Univ. of Michigan CERN 13