1. CH: How successful were the religious thinkers in spreading Islam in the subcontinent?
A- Shah Waliullah( )
B- Syed Ahmed Shaheed Barelvi( )
C- Haji Shariatullah( )
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2. CONDITION OF THE SUBCONTINENT
Indian Muslims were divided among different religious groups.
There was political instability and trouble b/w the Shias and Sunnis sects.
Mughal empire began to crack and crumble b/c of Aurangzeb’s successors.
Non-Muslim communities like Marathas, Jats and Sikhs were now threatening to overwhelm Delhi.
Nadir Shah attacked Delhi in 1739.
Impact: Thus, the conditions of Muslims became worse.
Loss of power caused economic suppression, sectarian differences and social degradation among the Muslims.
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3. A-SHAH WALIULLAH(1703-1762) BIRTH/EDUCATION/EARLY LIFE
Born in Delhi in 1703 during the reign of Aurangzeb Alamgir,real name was Qutubuddin.
Received his education from Madrassa Rahimiya and also taught there for 12 years.
Father name was Shah Abdul Rahim founded Madrassa Rahimiya in Delhi.
In 1724 SWU went to Arabia to perform Haj and to further his studies.
He studied under the famous scholar Sheikh AbuTahir bin Ibrahim, before returning to Delhi in 1732.
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4. Q- Why SWU wish to revive Islam in the subcontinent? [7]
REASONS FOR SWU’S WORK
Q- Why SWU wish to revive Islam in the subcontinent? [7]
Reason # 1: The social and political condition of the subcontinent was disturbed due to the growing power of disruptive forces.
Reason # 2 : Muslims were moving far away from Islam and they were ignoring Islam and teachings of the Quran because they were unaware of Arabic so they were unable to understand the Quranic teachings.
Reason # 3: The Muslims were getting the influence of non-Muslims cultures (Hindus and Christian).
Reason # 4: Disintegration of Mughal Empire had set in and the Muslims were split-up among themselves and Marathas, Jats and Sikhs were threatening Delhi.
Reason # 5: There was no religious freedom. Muslims were not allowed to practice Islamic duties and divided into sects.
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5. WORK/SERVICES/CONTRIBUTIONS
BACKGROUND:
He believed that Muslims faced problems due to their ignorance of Islam and Quran.
Emphasised on Quranic teaching to improve knowledge.
Worked hard to ensure that he was a role model for other Muslims.
He was a prolific writer and wrote on fiqh and Hadis.
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6. 1-EDUCATIONAL/RELIGIOUS SERVICES
Translation of Quran:
* Indian Muslims did not understand the Quran in Arabic since it was not in their language thus SWU translated Quran into Persian.
CRITICISM: Ulema criticized but his work proved very popular at that time. Later his sons,Shah Abdul Qadir and Shah Abdul Aziz translated the Quran into Urdu.
HujjatAllh al-Baligha:
*urged Muslims towards training to undertake research.
* In this book, he discussed the principles and fundamentals of Islam, advised the Indian Muslims to act upon the teaching of Quran.
IZALAT-UL-AKHFA
* He wrote about the explanation of Quran.
* Wrote 51 books out of which 23 are in Arabic and 28 are in Persian.
End of Shia- Sunni Rivalry.
* Rejected the beliefs of some Sunnis that Shias were not Muslims.
* Tried to Brifge the difference of Opinion by writing an account of the first four caliph of Islam in a way that should be acceptable to both the sects.
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7. 2- Political Services. Letters to King and Nawabs.
Marathas were a threat to Muslims.
The Muslims Kings Nawabs were leading lives of ease.
Mughal rule was shaking and was on the verge of decline.
He wrote to all Muslims Nobles and rulers and urge them to unite but in vain.
Letter to Ahmed Shah Durrani.
Ahmed Shah Durrani of Persia proceeded to Delhi and crushed the Marathas at the battle of Panipat in 1761.
Ahmed Shah defeated the Marathas and crushed their power.
In his letter SWU encouraged to launch an attack as it was the only way left to save the Muslims of India.
Unfortunately, the defeat was not taken as a golden opportunity by the Mughal rulers.
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8. 3- Economic and social services.
End of Un- Islamic practices:
He laid great stress on ADL and TAWAZUN.
Stressed labor peasants and craftsmen should be rewarded justly.
Also urged the traders and businessmen adopt a fair system of trading and making money.
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9. IMPORTANCE- INFLUENCE OF HIS WORK.
First Muslim thinker to attempt revival of Islam and regenerated Muslims in the wake of Mughal decline.
Analyzed the real reason of decline by linking it to the neglect of the Quran.
His worked survived in the form of his writing and thousands of followers from Madrassa. Took concrete steps to bridge the sectarian differences among Muslims.
His worked was continued by his sons and followers and many future Islamic leaders were inspired by his example.
Highlighted the importance and need of Jihad to save the Indian Muslims at a critical point.
His Death:
Shah Wali Ullah was laid to rest in 1762, happy to saw the defeat of Marathas by Ahmed Shah but disappointed that he did not stay back in India.
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10. ANSWER GUIDE Three correct statements for 3 marks.
Comprehension based questions, read it, comprehend it and quote information from it.
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