1. INTRO TO MARINE BIOLOGY
IMPORTANCE
Trawling
FOOD
Finfish, shellfish, seaweed

2. Mari/Aquaculture: “Farming”

3. Medicine
Chitin (exoskeleton) made into chitosan for sutures
Horseshoe crab blood tests for bacteria
A horseshoe crab donating blood Horseshoe crab blood is blue as it contains copper. The blood is used in research and the crabs are unharmed.

4. Raw materials
Sand, gas, oil, minerals
Mining for oil
Dredge for mining sand (Bahamas)

5. Recreation
Surfing, snorkeling, sailing, fishing

6. Regulates weather patterns
Orgs produce oxygen
Creates energy from tides/temp differences
Largest tidal barrage in world; Rance estuary Northern France; 1966

7. Human Impact Pop = 7.2 billion Habitat destruction = development
Pollution = substances that decrease env. quality
Agric., sewage, oil, heavy metals, thermal poll, plastics
Cape Town, S. Africa 2000

8. Species endangerment/extinction
Stellar’s Sea Cow

9. Sea turtles, manatees, whales
Endangered
Sea turtles, manatees, whales

10. Conservation Regulate pollutants & fisheries
Marine protected areas Ex: FL Keys

11. Artificial Reefs: concrete blocks, tires

12. Diving/snorkeling DO NOT disturb; use mooring buoys

13. Don’t buy shells, corals, etc – killed for shell
Giant Clam – (Bali)
Conch (Tanzania)
Dispose of hazardous materials properly
Recycle plastic, motor oil, etc
Save energy; decrease need for oil

14. History of Marine Science
Early evidence of man’s contact with the sea: Marine life represents a vast source of food, medicines, raw materials and offers recreation to millions of people. People have explored and used the sea to provide tools for existence for centuries.
Marine life represents a vast source of food, medicines, raw materials and offers recreation to millions of people. People have explored and used the sea to provide tools for existence for centuries.

15. 2. Ancient harpoons and simple fishhooks of bone or shell.
Piles of clam shells dating back to the Stone Age- remains of ancient clambakes.
2. Ancient harpoons and simple fishhooks of bone or shell.
3. Tomb of Egyptian pharaoh warns against eating “pufferfish”- poisonous and evidence of early coastal people
Piles of clam shells are the remains of ancient clambakes. Pufferfish are poisonous and this is evidence of early coastal people developing a body of knowledge about marine life and oceans.

16. Pacific Islanders
Had detailed knowledge of marine life, were consummate mariners, using wind, wave and currents to navigate over great distances.
Made three dimensional maps of sticks and shells.
Micronesians – Satawai Islanders, navigated for centuries in similar canoes.

17. Phoenicians First accomplished Western navigators.
By 2000 BC, they sailed around the Mediterranean, Red Sea, eastern Atlantic and Indian Ocean.
Bireme
The Phoenicians have been credited with
Discovering the Pole Star (Polaris).

18. Greeks
Aristotle (4th Century BC) was considered to be the first marine biologist.
Described many forms of marine life.
Recognized that “gills” are breathing apparatus of fish
Greek plate from 330 BC depicting an electric ray.

19. Dark Ages
Scientific inquiry in most of Europe came to a halt, much knowledge of ancient Greeks was lost.
9th and 10th centuries, Vikings explored the north Atlantic.
Leif Eriksson discovered Vinland in 995 AD.
Arab traders voyaged to Africa, Asia and India, learning about wind and current patterns.
During this time progress in Europe in MS stopped, however the Vikings explored the north Atlantic, Eriksson discovered North Amberica and in the Far East and Pacific, people continued to explore and learn about the sea.

20. Renaissance Europeans began to investigate the world.
Columbus discovered the New World in 1492.
Magellan sailed around the globe in 1519
James Cook made three great voyages beginning in 1768 exploring all the oceans.
First to make use of the chronometer which enabled him to determine longitude and prepare reliable charts.
Here some of the famous explorers that you learned about in elementary school became famous. The purpose of a chronometer is to keep the time of a known fixed location, which can then serve as a reference point for determining the ship's position. By comparing local high noon to the chronometer's time, a navigator could use the time difference to determine the ship's present longitude.

21. A marine chronometer is a timekeeper precise enough to be used as a portable time standard; it can therefore be used to determine longitude by means of celestial navigation.
When first developed in the eighteenth century it was a major technical achievement, as accurate knowledge of the time over a long sea voyage is necessary for navigation without electronic or communications aids.

23. Nineteenth Century
Vessels commonly took along a naturalist to collect and study life forms encountered.
Charles Darwin, in 1831, sailed around the world on HMS Beagle for 5 years.
Primary mission was to map coastlines
Basis for his theory of evolution
Proposed theory on formation of atolls
Used nets to capture plankton
Darwin made very detailed observations of all aspects of the natural world. Led him to propose theory of natural selection. Proposed the explanation for the formation of atolls, distinctive rings of coral reef. Used nets to capture plankton, did research on barnacles and his treatise is still held in high regard.

25. Most Influential Marine Biologist = Forbes
Forbes, in the 1840s and 1850s, dredged the sea floor around Britain and in the Aegean Sea. He discovered many new organisms and recognized that life varies according to depth.
He inspired new interest in the life on the sea floor.
Forbes died prematurely in 1854 at 39 but was the most influential marine biologist of his day.

26. The Challenger
In 1872, British scientists convinced the government to fund the first major oceanographic expedition under the leadership of Charles W. Thompson in a warship, the HMS Challenger.
In 3.5 years, it sailed around the world gathering information and collecting samples.
It took 19 years to publish the results which filled 50 thick volumes!
The challenger, previously a warship underwent extensive renovations in preparation for its voyage, guns were removed, labs and quarters installed, gear for dredging and taking water samples in deep water was installed. The Challenger set new standards for studying the ocean. Measurements were made systematically and meticulous records were kept. This was the first time that scientists began to get a good picture of the ocean. It in reality laid the foundations for modern marine science.

27. Studies at the seashore
Henri Milne Edwards and Victor Andouin in 1826 began studying live organisms at the shore.
Permanent labs were finally established which allowed biologist to keep organisms alive over long periods.
Scientists relized that seeing dead, preserved specimens that ships brought back was only part of the picture. They wanted to know how they actually lived and functioned. They brought their studies to the shore, but there were no permanent facilities and only a limited amount of equipment could be taken. Eventually permanent labs were established.

28. Famous Labs Stazione Zoologica – Naples, Italy
Marine Biological Society of the UK in Plymouth, England
Woods Hole, Mass
Lab on Cape Ann, Mass, extablished by Louis Agassiz
Hopkins Marine Station in CA
Scripps Institution of Oceanography in CA
Friday Harbor Marine Labs in WA

29. Woods Hole scientists - 1888

30. Technologies
Sonar (sound navigation ranging) was developed in response to submarine warfare.
A ship emits a pulse of sound and times how long it takes the echo to return from the sea floor to determine water depth.

31. Scuba Self-contained underwater breathing apparatus
Developed by Jacques Costeau 1958 who went on to devote his life to scuba diving and the oceans.

32. Alvin, deep- sea submarine operated by Woods Hole.

33. R/V FLIP – floating instrument platform, operated by
Scripps Institute provides a stable platform for
research at sea.

34. Satellite image showing the abundance of photosynthetic
organisms as indicated by the amount of pigment in seawater.

35. Robotic arm of the ROV Ventana
captures a pom-pom anemone.

36. Comparative Toxicogenomics Database (CTD)
CTD is the primary tool for determining essential physical properties of sea water. It gives scientists a precise and comprehensive charting of the distribution and variation of water temperature, salinity, and density that helps to understand how the oceans affect life.
CTD